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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genomics def |
Study of genes |
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Genome |
All genes |
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Does every human have the same genes? |
Yes, just different versions |
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Bioinformatics |
Involves info about biology. Storage and analysis of biological info. |
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Human Genome Project |
Finished in 2006. Sequenced entire human genome. As well as protien and RNA databases |
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Human Genome aprox base pairs? |
3 billion = 20,000 genes |
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Does genome always reflect organism size? |
No. Ex. Rice has more genes but less BP than humans. |
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Multicellular eukaryotes lots of... |
Non coding DNA. Gives evo options |
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Gene splicing |
A section of dna is cut and placed elsewhere |
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Post translational modification |
RNA transcribe and changes protien structure |
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Transposible element |
Cut and paste, copy and paste. |
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Retrotransposons |
Use RNA intermediate to remake dna |
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Short tandem repeats |
14% genome. Possibly due to replication error |
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Multi gene families |
Chunks of DNA that could or not be identical and code for different protiens. Ex. Alpha and beta hemoglobin |
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How can a genome evolve? |
Mutation Replication Rearrangements- translocations/ inversions Polyploidy Chromosomes can be combined/split |
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Why know about genes? |
Cures and stuff Knowledge Compare different species |
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Homeotic (developmental) genes |
"Conserved and don't change" identify body segments in organisms. Ex. Hox genes |
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Phylogeny |
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
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Linnaen classification |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Systematics |
Method of constructing taxonomy / phylogeny |
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Phylogenetic system |
Evolutionary relationship and methods |
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Polyphyletic group |
Distinctly related species. W/o ancestor |
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Monophyletic group |
Ancestor and all decendents. *the way to go |
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Paraphyletic group |
Ancestor and some, but not all decendents. Ex. Dinosaurs and birds |
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Homologous chromosomes |
Chromosomes of a pair |
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Evolutionary homology |
Due to presence of a common ancestor |
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Principal of maximum parsimony |
Simplest explanation is often the most likely. Though this is possible not always likely. |
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Analogy |
Similar characters derived from non common ancestors. Ex. Wings of birds and insect. Convergent evolution |
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Molecular biology |
Study of macro molecules. Ex. Protiens rna dna |
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Ways to study DNA |
DNA DNA hybridization Restriction maps Dna sequencing |
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Molecular clock |
Measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on observation of genes. Changes in DNA reflect time since divergence. |
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Ancestor of charopytes and plants |
Rings of protien- cellulose synthesis Flagellated speed Phragmoplast- forms cell plate |
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1.2 bya |
Single celled things on land |
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500 mya |
Small terrestrial plants. -due to air less dense than water. |
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What helped with plant terrestriality? |
Cuticles-waxylayer on leaves Lignin-makes wood hard Sporopollenin- toughened reproduction. Embryophite condition- muticelluar dependent embryo Walled spores Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems Vascular tissue Seeds Flowers |
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Sporophytes |
Make spores. Diploid |
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Gametophytes |
Make gametes. Haploid. Dom in mosses |
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1st terrestrial plants |
Bryophytes. Ex. Mosses,liver warts, horn warts 500mya Gametophyte dominant. No lignin |
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Vascular plants |
425 mya. Seedless Ferns horsetails. Sperm swims to egg |
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Gymnosperms |
350 mya. Ex. Pine trees, fir trees No flowers/ fruit Sporophyte embryo with naked seed food |
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Angiosperms |
125 mya Covered seed Fruits and flowers |
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Root purpose |
Anchor, stabilize, storage, nutrient uptake, hairs increase SA |
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Advantitious roots |
Grow out the top and back in the ground |
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Apical meristems |
Growth lengthwise |
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Nodes |
Where branches attach |
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Terminal and axillary buds |
Have apical meristems and responsible for primary growth |
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Stolon |
Sideways growth of stems |
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Rhizome |
Underground stem |
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Tubers |
Modified stem. Ex. Potato |
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Bulbs |
Allow to grow back in water |
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Monocot ex |
Grass |
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Dicot |
Branched leaf |
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Tissue types |
Dermal Vascular-xylem and phloem Ground tissue |
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A |
A |
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Parencynma |
"Typical cells" have primary cell wall only. Handle most metabolic functions. Contain chlorencyma. Ex. Tissue of fruits. |
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Chlorencyma |
Photosynthetic parencynma cells |
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Collenchyma |
Provide flexible support. Primary cell wall only Ex. Young plants |
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Sclerencyma |
Hardened rigid support. Primary and secondary walls. Woody tissue. Ex. Wood nuts seeds |
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2 types of sclerencyma |
Sclerids- very hard Fibers-longer and slightly more flexible |
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Xylem |
Dead cells that transport water and minerals up plant. 2 types. Tracheids and vessel elements. |
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Tracheids |
Long and thin with pits between cells. |
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Vessel elements |
Short stout, perforated plates Ex. Larger plants |
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Phloem |
Moves sugar and photosynthetic products down. From source to sink or sugar from leaves down. 2 parts- sieve tube elements and companion cells |
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Sieve tube elements |
No nucleus. Missing organelles. Increases functional value and contains sieve plates between cells |
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Companion cells |
Give physiological support and load sugars |
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Meristems |
Stem cells "embryonic tissue" that mitoticly reproduces. |
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Apical meristems |
Grows longer. Primary growth. Ex. Root and shoot tips |
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Lateral meristems |
Secondary growth or thickening. Contains vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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Vascular cambium |
Adds vascular tissue. Ex. Xylem and phloem |
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Cork cambium |
Adds periderm |
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Annual plants |
1 yr. Grow reproduce and die in same year. Ex. Wildflowers cerial grains and legumes |
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Biennial plants |
2 year growth cycle. Reproduce in second year. Ex. Beets and carrots |
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Perennial plants |
Many years. Take a while to reach maturity. Ex. Trees grass and most shrubs |
