Bio Test Ch4/5

Front 1

Define cell:

Back 1

smallest unit of life that can survive on its own.
Is highly organized for metabolism

Senses and responds to environmental surroundings

Has the potential to reproduce

Front 2

Scientists and their contribution:

Back 2

Hook- corks
Verchow- cells get sick
Vanlowenhook- bacteria.
best known for improvements made to microscopes. First to see and describe bacteria
Scwan- all animals made of cells
Schiden- all plants made of cells-together developed cell theory.

Front 3

Cell theory:

Back 3

The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells.

1.All known living things are composed of cells.

2.The cell is the smallest unit of organization that still displays the properties of life.

3.All cells come from pre-existing cells by way of growth and division.

Front 4

Prokaryotic VS eukaryotic cells

Back 4

Pro- no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, smaller in size.
Eukar-
Found in the Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal kingdoms

•Eukaryotes date back 1.2-1.5 billion years ago

•Have 1000 times more DNA than prokaryotic cells

Front 5

Bacteria shapes:

Back 5

coccus. Backsillius, sperillium

Front 6

Plasmids?

Back 6

Extra DNA; junk

Front 7

Photosynthesis Process:
-What bacteria uses it?

Back 7

Blue green algae

Front 8

What is Lipid by layer made of?

Back 8

Phospholipids clustered together forming a sheet or film.
Two layers with fatty acid tails sandwiched between the outward facing hydrophilic heads.
-Whats embedded?Protiens.

Front 9

-Different protein types embedded: and what they do?

Back 9

Adhesion: Help one cell adhere to another or to a protein Same type cells identify each other to stay together
Receptor: Bind extracellular substances (hormones) to trigger activity

Front 10

Other protiens:

Back 10

Communication:Form channels that span bilayer, Rapid flow between cells
Recgonition: Above membrane, Unique to multi-celled species, Allow cells to identify it’s own cells versus an intruder
Passive Transporters: Incorporated into membrane (carrier protein), Uses NO energy, Goes from high to low concentration level (diffusion)
Active Trnsporter:Incorporated into membrane (carrier protein), Uses energy, Pumps from low to higher concentration level (active transport)

Front 11

Selectively peremiable

Back 11

specific to what goes in and out:
oWater, Carbon dioxide, and Oxygen enters and leaves freely.

oNutrients, ions, and other substances must be escorted across the membrane.

Front 12

-Concentration gradient:

Back 12

is the difference in the number per unit volume of molecules(ions) of a substance between two adjoining regions. Diffusion direction? High to low

Front 13

Simple diffusion VS facilitated diffusion and EX

Back 13

Simple Diffusion
The movement of materials from the higher side of the concentration gradient to the lower side, using NO energy and continues until the gradient is eliminated.
Can occur in living and non-living environments. MOVES SMALL SUBSTANCES LIKE CA, K, CL, O2, CO2! *
Facilitated Diffusion;
Passive Transport:
Uses a transporter (or carrier) protein to aid specific solutes move down their concentration gradients but do not expand energy doing so.
Some are always open, while others are open/closed.--glucose

Front 14

Diffusion

Back 14

the net movement of like ions or molecules from a region where they are most concentrated to an adjoining region where they are less concentrated.

Front 15

-Diffusion rate

Back 15

depends on temperature, surface area, concentration gradient, size of particles, diffusion media (gas, liquid, solid)

Front 16

-The most prevalent primary active transport mechanism

Back 16

•requires 40% of cellular ATP
•all cells have thousands of them
•maintains low concentration of Na+ and a high concentration of K+ in the cytosol
•operates continually

Front 17

FacilitatedDiffusion
Passive Transport

Back 17

- Uses a transporter (or carrier) protein to aid specific solutes move down their concentration gradients but do not expand energy doing so.
- Some are always open, while others are open/close.
-1.Glucose binds to transport protein.
-2.Transport protein changes shape.
-3.Glucose moves across cell membrane-down the concentration gradient.
-4.Kinase enzyme reduces glucose concentration inside the cell by transforming glucose.
-5.Transporter proteins always bring glucose into cell.

Front 18

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
VS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Back 18

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
-•Doesn’t require energy inputs

-•Solutes diffuse through a channel inside the protein’s interior

-•Net movement is down concentration gradient

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-•Requires ATP

-•Protein is an ATPase pump

-•Pumps solute against its concentration gradient

Front 19

BulkFlow–

Due to:

Back 19

is the the movement of large amounts of water.

due to...Pressure Gravity Other forces

Front 20

OSMOSIS:

Back 20

The movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.
*Water flow in/out of a cell membrane by diffusion
In living systems water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Front 21

The effects of fluid pressure:

Back 21

•Most cells to do not rupture from water intake
•Organisms with cells walls contribute to the lack of cells rupturing
•Hydrostatic pressure –pressure the fluid (water) exerts on the walls or membranes
•Osmotic pressure of any fluid is one measure of tendency of water to follow its water concentration gradient and move into the fluid.
•If hydrostatic and osmotic are equal the process stops

Front 22

Tanicity & Scenarios of;

Back 22

-hypo: The water diffuses in, the cell swells.
- hyper: water diffuses out, cell shrinks.
- isotonic: no net change in water or cell.

Front 23

Vesicle:

Back 23

small membranous sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane.

Front 24

Transcytosis:

Back 24

used to move a substance into, across and out of a cell (ER to golgi)

Front 25

Indo VS exocyosis

Back 25

Endocytosis = Into cell Exocytosis = Out of cell

Front 26

Endocytosis

Back 26

membrane-enclosed structures called secretory vesicles that form inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid
Phagocytosis–cell eating by protists, macrophages, and white blood cells
* particle binds to receptor
protein
* whole bacteria or viruses
are engulfed & later
digested
Pinocytosis–cell drinking, no receptor protein
Bulk phase–vesicle from around extracellular matrix

Front 27

Exocytosis (from golgi)

Back 27

By exocytosis, a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, and its contends are released outside the cell
Vesicles from inside cell, fuse to cell membrane and release their contents
* digestive enzymes,
hormones,
neurotransmitters, or
waste products
Replaces cell membrane lost by endocytosis