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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 domains of life |
Bacteria Archea Eukarya |
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Microbes-can't see they are so small |
Decompose Needed for life Take up space so bad things don't take hold Produce more than 1/2 earth's atmosphere Exist all over |
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Nitrogen is fixed into a useable state by |
Bacteria and archea |
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Fungus |
Decomposer that breaks down outside and absorbs nutrients |
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Non living non cellular parasite |
Viruses |
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HIV |
Human immunodeficiency virus causes aids, runs on lysogenic cycle Envades t cells and mutates easily |
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All viruses have |
Genetic material or a protein coat (capsid) |
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Archea |
Single celled prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fission |
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3 classes of extremophiles |
Thermophiles-hot environments Halophiles- salty environments Anerobes-live without o2 |
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Single celled eukaryotes, microscopic and like our cells, live in most environments, 100,000 species , first to sexual lyrics reproduce |
Protists |
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Plant lje protosts |
Algae |
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Colonial multicellularity |
Individual cells form stable groups and specialize in functions |
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Phytoplankton |
Microscopic algae that do photosynthesis and are temp. Sensitive |
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Heterotrophic protists (amoeba) |
Eat organic matter |
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Heterotrophic organism's that consume organic material and decompose to externally digest their food |
Fungus |
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Hyphae |
Webs of tubes that grow towards food sources and make branches called mycelium |
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Fungus reproduce by |
Spores |
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Lichens |
Algae and fungus in a symbiotic relationship |
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Multicellular, fixed in 1 spot, carry out photosynthesis, have a cell wall and chloroplast |
Plants |
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4 categories of plants |
Bryophytes Seedless vascular Gymnosperms Angiosperms |
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Bryophytes |
Live near h2o so sperm can swim to eggs, lack vascular system ex. Moss and liverworts |
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Seedless vascular plants |
Have vascular system, no seeds and need h2o to reproduce ex. Ferns and club moss |
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Gymnosperms |
Produce male and female cones that induce plant embryo, food supply, and protective casing. Spread by wind once germinated Ex. Spruce trees |
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Angiosperms |
Flooring plants that produce seeds encased in fruit. Includes most trees besides conifers and pollen is transfered by organismd |
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Gravitropism |
Plants can sense where they are with respect to the earth and light and will grow accordingly |
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Phototropism |
Plants will bend towards source of light |
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Thigmotropism |
Plant grows in response to touch, and can climb upwards like ivy, to gain access to light |
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Photo perodism |
Plants can respond to changes in darkness relative to light |
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Long night plants |
Flower with increasing in darkness |
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Short night plants |
Flower with decrease in darkness |
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Recognize antigens, make antibodies, give rise to plasma cells and memory b cells |
B cells |
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T cells |
Attack infected cells |
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Helper t cells make |
B cells and memory t cells |
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Killer t cells |
Cytotoxic t cells that give rise to active Killer t cells that kill infected cells |
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Producing cells that destroy the body's own cells when they are infected, mostly using t cells |
Cell mediated immunity |
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T cells and b cells are found in |
The lymphatic system |
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Mistakes in the immune system result in |
Autoimmune disorders, when immune system attacks itself |
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Immune system overreaction resulting in histamine being released |
Allergy |
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Inate or non specific |
Present before exposure to pathogens, effective from time of birth |
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Inate external examples |
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Inate internal exampled |
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Acquired or specific |
Developed after exposure to pathogens and specifically reacts to different pathogens |
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Humoral response examples |
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Cell mediated examples |
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Antigen |
Anything foreign |
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Inflammation (nonspecific) |
Histamine and other chem released from injured cells causing more blood to be released to harmed regions |
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Antimicrobial proteins |
Personal lysol |
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Phagocytes (nonspecific) |
Types of white blood cells that ingest invading organism's and initiates inflammatory response |
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Macrophages (nonspecific) |
Type of phagocytes that migrate thru body and found in lymphatic system |
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Complement (nonspecific) |
System made of 30 proteins that lyces infected cells and caused inflammation |
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Innate defenses against viruses that helps activate macrophages and will interfere with virus infection so immune system has a chance to activate |
Interferons |
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Causes inflammation and swells blood vessels |
Histamine |
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Apoptosis |
Cell death |
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Natural killers |
Look for cancer cells and attacks infected cells causing apoptosis |
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Recognise antigens and antibody binding sites tagging them for destruction |
Lymphocytes |
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Found in blood and bind whole antigens |
B lymphocytes |
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Found in blood and bind pieces of antigens to make polypeptide chains |
T lymphocytes |
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MHC |
Haworth histo compatibility, complex t cells bound to normal cell surface proteins called MHC proteins. Then sends killers |
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Epitopes |
Antigen binding site used by viruses to infect out cells |
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Bone marrow |
Where immune cells are madr |
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Acquired immunity step1 |
3-5 days specific immunity kicks into make memory t cells or b antibodies |
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Acquired immunity step 2 |
Memory cells already attaching antigens, don't get sick even thought you are exposed |
