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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All living are composed of ...
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Cells
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Cells are the basic units of _____ and _____ in living things
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Structure, function
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New are produced form...
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Existing cells
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How big are Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
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.2-2 Mm, and 10-100 Mm
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Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?
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No, Yes
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Are membrane enclosed organells in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells present?
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No, Yes
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Are there plasma membrane in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
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No, yes they function as receptors
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Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm?
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Nope, Cytoskeleton
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells DNA...
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SIngle circular chromosome, multi-linear chromosome w/ histone
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Cell division in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
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Bionary fission, mitosis
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Sexual reproduction in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells...
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DNA fragment, meiosis
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46
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What are ribosomes?
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They make proteins, small particles of RNA
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What is the Endoplasmic reticulum
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The site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell
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What is the Golgi apparatus
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Modifies, sorts and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum fro storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
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What are the lysosomes?
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Digest and breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
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What are the vacuoles?
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Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates.
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What is the mitochondria?
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Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient
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What are chloroplasts?
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Capture energy from sunlight and convert into chemical energy in photosynthesis
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What is the "Cytoskeleton"?
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Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain it's shape. Also involved in movement.
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What is the first stage of Mitosis and what happens?
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Interphase-centrioles form
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What is the second stage of Mitosis and what happens?
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Prophase-nuclear envelope membrane breaks down, chromatin condensation, spindle forming
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What is the third stage of Mitosis and what happens?
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Metaphase-chromosomes line up
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What is the forth stage of Mitosis and what happens?
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Anaphase-sister chromosomes separate
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What is the fifth stage of Mitosis and what happens?
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Telophase-nuclear envelope re-forms
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What happens during Cytokinesis?
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The cell physically divides
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What are the 4 phases?
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G1=cell growth
S-phase=DNA replication G2=preparation for mitosis M-phase=mitosis and cytokinesis |
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All _________ are composed of cells
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Living things
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Cells are the basic unit of _________ and __________ in all organisms
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Structure, function
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News cells are produced from __________
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Existing cells
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The cells of eukaryotes have a(an) _____________; the cells of ____________ do not.
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Nucleus, prokaryotes
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Eukaryotic cells also have a variety of specialized structures called______.
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Organelles
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Explain the similarities and differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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They both have genitic material, just stored in different places (nucleus for E.) Prokaryotic are smaller and less complex, and eukaryotic are the opposite.
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Are human cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
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Eukaryotic, b/c they are more complex, have a nucleus.
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What are two functions of the cell membrane?
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Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection
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WHat happens to a higher concentration of dissolved molecules on one side of a cell membrane during the process of diffusion?
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If a substance is present in unequal concentration on either side of the cell membrane, it's particles will tend to move toward the area where it is less concentrated until equilibrium.
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water through a selective membrane
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During the process of __________, a molecule such as glucose must use a protein channel to cross through a cell membrane.
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Facilitated diffusion
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For a molecule to move from an area of low concentration to high concentration, the process of ___________ must occur.
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Active transport
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What does "isotonic" mean?
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Same strenght
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What does "hypertonic" mean?
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Above strength
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What does "hypotonic" mean?
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Below strength
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What is the function of a cell wall?
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Provides support and protection for the cell
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What is the function of a nucleus?
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Controls most cell processes contains DNA
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What is the function of a cytoskelton?
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Maintains cell shape with a network of protein filaments
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and where proteins are chemically modified
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER
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What is the function of chloroplast?
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Uses energy from sunlight to make food molecules
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What is the function of mitochondrion?
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Uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds
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Plants have cells that contain chloroplasts. Why must their cells contain mitochondria as well?
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B/c they need the mitochondria to make compounds so the cel can use them.
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In some ways, a cell is analogous to a factory. Create an analogy describing the job of a lysosome within a cellular factory.
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Lysosomes are filled with digestive enzymes that are responsible for breaking down carbs and proteins that can be used by the rest of the cells. They are kinda like the mantience crew b/c they get rid of the "junk".
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What structures make plant and animals cells different?
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Plant cells have thick cells walls, while animal cells have just a cell membrane. Plants have a smooth ER, and animals have a rough one. Animals don't have a vacuole.
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Why do multicellular organisms contain specialized cells?
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B/c they are more complicated and require different cells then just unicellular organisms.
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Give two examples of specialized cells and explain the cell's unique role in the human body.
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Red blood cells are specialized to transport oxygen, The pancreas is a gland that produces enzymes so we can break down food.
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Place the following from smallest to largest: Tissues, organ systems, organs, individual cells.
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individual cells, Tissues, organs, organ systems
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What is a cell?
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The basic unit of life
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What is a cell membrane?
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Thin, double-layered sheet around the cell
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What is a cell wall?
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Strong layer around the cell membrane that protects the cell
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What is a nucleus?
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Large structure that contains the cell's genetic info.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Portion of the cell outside the nucleus
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What is a prokaryote?
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Organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus
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What is a eukaryote?
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Organism whose cells contain a nucleus
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What is an organelle?
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Specialized structures in a cell that preform important cell functions
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What is a chromatin?
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Granular material visible within the nucleus
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What is phagocytosis?
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Process by which extensions of cytoplasm engulf large particles
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The distinct, threadlike structures that contain genetic info. are called________.
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Spindles
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Particles tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in a process known as______________.
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Active transport
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When some substances can pass across them but others can't, biological membranes are said to have____________
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Protein channels?
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The process in which water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane is called?
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Osmosis
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The process by which a protein channel allows molecules to cross the cell membrane is called___________.`
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Facilitated diffusion
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The larger the cell, the more trouble it has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the_________.
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Cell membrane
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As the length of a cell increases, its volume decreases faster than its___________.
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Surface area
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To avoid growing too large, cells regulate their size by___________.
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Dividing
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What can happen if a cell were to get too large for the amount of DNA it has?
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There is a DNA overload, or an "information crisis"
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What substances must pass through a cell's membrane for the cell to continue to function?
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Food, oxygen, and water must enter, and waste must leave
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How does a cell's ratio of surface area to volume change as the cell grows larger?
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It gets smaller
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Why do cells divide?
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Because there would be a DNA overload, so to reproduce the cells must divide
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What are the four phases of the cell cycle?
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G1, S-phase, G2, and M-phase
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What happens when the cell copies its chromosomes?
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They consist of two daughter chromatids.
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What mitosis phase do the chromosomes line up across the middle of cell?
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Metaphase
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What mitosis phase do chromosomes become visible?
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Prophase
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What mitosis phase do the centrioles separate?
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Prophase
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What mitosis phase do sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes?
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Anaphase
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What mitosis phase do two new nuclear envelopes from?
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Telophase
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What mitosis phase do the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down?
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Prophase
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What mitosis phase do each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber?
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Metaphase
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What mitosis phase do the individual chromosomes move apart?
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Anaphase
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The M phase is also know as________.
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Mitosis
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Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the__________.
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Centromeres
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The________ is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
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Cell cycle
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The _________ is a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes.
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Spindle
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__________ is the division of the cell nucleus.
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Cytokinesis
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The division of cytoplasm during the M phase is called_____________.
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?
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Protein known as ________ regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
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Cyclin
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What is the function of cyclin in eukaryotic cells?
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It regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
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Explain the importance of internal regulators
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Inter regulators prevent a cell from entering mitosis until all the chromosomes are copied
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How do external regulators to events outside the cell?
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They direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cyle
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What causes abnormal growth of cancer cells?
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By failure to respond to signals that regulate growth
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Do all cells in the body have the same growth rate?
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No. Some cells complete the cycle quicker than others. When there is an injury in the skin the cells will increase growth.
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