Bio Test 5

Front 1

nucleic acids

Back 1

linear polymers of nucleotides, contains plan for all cellular activity, two common types are RNA and DNA

Front 2

nucleotides

Back 2

three part molecule (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base)

Front 3

deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 3

DNA, millions of nucleotides, double strand, contains genetic information of all living cells

Front 4

ribonucleic acid

Back 4

thousands of nucleotides, single strand, composed of ribose nucleotides, each of which consists of phosphate group, sugar ribose, and either adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil, involved in converting information in DNA into protein

Front 5

pyrimidines

Back 5

single ring- thymine or cytosine

Front 6

purines

Back 6

double ring- adenine or guanine

Front 7

cytosine

Back 7

nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA, C

Front 8

thymine

Back 8

nitrogenous base in DNA, T

Front 9

uracil

Back 9

nitrogenous base in RNA, U

Front 10

adenine

Back 10

nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA, A

Front 11

guanine

Back 11

nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA, G

Front 12

double helix

Back 12

twisted ladder (two stranded DNA molecules), sugar phosphate uprights and base pair rungs

Front 13

chromosome

Back 13

single DNA helix with proteins that help organize DNA

Front 14

histones

Back 14

DNA wraps around histones, part of packaging of chromosomes

Front 15

DNA base pairing

Back 15

base pairing crucial in protein synthesis, C & G, A &T

Front 16

DNA Polymerase

Back 16

enzyme that bonds DNA nucleotides together into a continuous strand, uses preexisting DNA strand as template

Front 17

semiconservative

Back 17

process of replication of DNA double helix, two DNA strands separate and each is used as template for synthesis of complementary DNA strand, each daughter double helix consists of one parental strand and one new strand

Front 18

DNA repair enzymes

Back 18

protection and maintenance of information encoded in DNA, fidelity of genetic information

Front 19

rRNA

Back 19

60% of structure of ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis

Front 20

mRNA

Back 20

carries genetic message for protein from DNA to ribosome, codon

Front 21

tRNA

Back 21

transfers amino acids to ribosomes, anticodon

Front 22

transcription

Back 22

synthesis of RNA molecule from DNA template, RNA genes used to make rRNA and tRNA, DNA protein message is transcribed to mRNA prior to protein synthesis

Front 23

RNA polymerase

Back 23

in RNA synthesis, an enzyme that catalyzes bonding of free RNA nucleotides into continuous strand, uses RNA nucleotides that are complementary to those of a strand of DNA

Front 24

codon

Back 24

sequence of three bases of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein, certain codons signal beginning or end of protein synthesis

Front 25

anticodon

Back 25

sequence of three bases in tRNA that is complementary to three bases of a codon of mRNA

Front 26

translation

Back 26

process where sequence of bases of mRNA is converted into sequence of amino acids of a protein, translates genetic code into a protein

Front 27

activation

Back 27

tRNA bonds to specific amino acid, bonding of amino acid to tRNA activates its anticodon

Front 28

initiation

Back 28

start codon of mRNA bonds to small subunit of ribosome, tRNA anticodon base pairs with mRNA start codon, large subunit of ribosome joins small subunit to initiate protein synthesis

Front 29

elongation

Back 29

complementary tRNA anticodon w/ specific amino acid attaches to next mRNA codon, new amino acid peptide bonds to methionine, tRNA released from methionine, process is repeated elongating protein

Front 30

termination

Back 30

translation continues until stop codon is reached, protein is released from ribosome, methionine is removed from peptide chain

Front 31

homology studies

Back 31

compares similarities of nucleotide or amino acid sequences between species

Front 32

gel electrophoresis

Back 32

separates molecules by charge and size, diagnosis of cancer, coronary disease, and genetic disorders, determination of nucleotide sequence of DNA segments

Front 33

isoelectric point

Back 33

pH at which net charge of molecule is zero

Front 34

recombinant DNA

Back 34

DNA that has been altered by the recombination of genes from a different organism, typically from a different species

Front 35

restriction enzymes

Back 35

an enzyme, normally isolated from bacteria, that cuts double stranded DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence, the nucleotide sequence that is cut differs for different restriction enzymes

Front 36

genome

Back 36

entire set of genes carried by a member of any given species

Front 37

clone by clone sequencing

Back 37

genetic and physical mapping by observing genetic markers in heterozygous crosses, chromosome segments are cloned and arranged into physical maps, smaller overlapping segments are cloned and sequenced, genomic sequence is assembled by stringing the segments back together

Front 38

chromatogram sequencing

Back 38

each ddNTP coupled to different fluorescent dye, radioactive labeling and manual reading eliminating, discrimination higher, single gel lane or tube, laser reads color peak and information is recorded by computer

Front 39

cycle sequencing

Back 39

uses polymerase chain reaction to amplify template, commercial kits perform 96 reactions simultaneously, capillary electrophoresis uses long thin tubes and resolves miniscule amounts of DNA

Front 40

bioinformatics

Back 40

any use of computers to handle biological information