Bio Test 4

Front 1

population

Back 1

Any group of members of the same species in a given geographical are who are potentially capable of mating and producing fertile offspring.

Front 2

gene pool

Back 2

All of the genes/alleles in a population.

Front 3

population genetics

Back 3

The study of allele frequencies in different groups of individuals.

Front 4

allelic frequency

Back 4

-Reveal the underlying rules of genetics
- How often a particular gene variant occurs in a particular population


- Tracking allele frequencies from one generation to the next can reveal evolution in action-- or, if allele frequencies don't change (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)

Front 5

phenotypic frequency

Back 5

- The percentage of people in the population who have a certain trait.
- Are determined empirically (by observing how common a condition or trait is in a population)

Front 6

DNA profiling

Back 6

-Biotechnology that detects differences in the number of copies of certain DNA repeats among individuals.
- Used to rule out or establish identity.

Front 7

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Back 7

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

Front 8

non-random mating

Back 8

- Alters Allele Frequencies
- Basically, we choose our partners
- Occurs when certain individuals contribute more to the next generation than others (using semen from only prized Bull

Front 9

migration

Back 9

- Alters genotype frequencies by adding and removing alleles from populations

Front 10

genetic drift

Back 10

- Changes in gene frequencies in small groups reproductively separated from a larger population
-Changes are random and unpredictable
- Occurs when the population size plummets, due to either migration, to a natural disaster that isolates small pockets of people, or to the consequences of human behavior.

Front 11

mutation

Back 11

- A change in a protein-encoding gene that affects the phenotype and affects less than one percent of the population

Front 12

natural selection

Back 12

- Differential survival and reproduction of individuals with particular phenotypes in particular environments, which may alter allele frequencies in subsequent generations.

Front 13

Cline

Back 13

-Gradual changes in allele frequencies between neighboring populations

Front 14

cancer

Back 14

- A group of disorders resulting from loss of cell cycle control.

Front 15

metastasis

Back 15

- Spread of cancer from its site of origin to other parts of the body

Front 16

carcinogen

Back 16

- A substance that causes cancer

Front 17

germline mutations

Back 17

- When cancer susceptibility is directly passed to future generations because the mutations are in every cell, including gametes
- A mutation in every cell in an individual

Front 18

somatic mutation

Back 18

- A genetic change in a nonsex cell

Front 19

Genetic counselor

Back 19

- A medical specialist who calculates risk of recurrence of inherited disorders in families, applying the laws of inheritance to pedigrees

Front 20

newborn screening

Back 20

- Using tandem mass spectrometry to expand coverage of dozens of inborn errors of metabolism

Front 21

direct-to-consumer genetic testing

Back 21

- Customer sends DNA samples on a cheek swab to internet companies
- Can be dangerous if incomplete or too generalized results are given without appropriate counseling

Front 22

gene therapy

Back 22

- Replacing a malfunctioning gene to alleviate symptoms

Front 23

ex vivo

Back 23

- Gene therapy that is applied to cells outside the body that are then re-implanted or re-infused into the patient.

Front 24

in situ

Back 24

- Gene therapy occurs directly on accessible body parts

Front 25

in vivo

Back 25

- Gene therapy that is applied in the body

Front 26

Assisted Reproductive technology (ARTs)

Back 26

- Procedures that replace a gamete or the uterus to help people with fertility problems have children.

Front 27

infertility

Back 27

- The inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse
- Would need aid to conceive a child

Front 28

subfertility

Back 28

- Those who can conceive unaided, but may take longer than usual

Front 29

intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Back 29

- When a doctor places donated sperm into a woman's cervix or uterus.

Front 30

surrogate mother

Back 30

- When a woman capable of having a baby, has one for another couple
- Gives away rights to the baby immediately after birth

Front 31

in vitro fertilization

Back 31

- Sperm and oocyte join in a laboratory dish with appropriate biochemicals so that fertilization occurs
- Then, after a few cell divisions, transferring the embryos to a woman's uterus.

Front 32

preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Back 32

- Removing a cell from an 8-celled embryo and testing it for a mutation to deduce the genotype of the embryo.
- Detects genetic and chromosomal abnormalities before pregnancy starts.