Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
reduced gametophyte
heterospory pollen ovule (inside ovary) seed 3 F's: Flowers, fruits, double fertilization |
Characteristics of angiosperms
|
|
|
Stamen: Filament and anther
|
male reproductive organs
|
|
|
Carpel: ovary, style, and stigma
|
female reproductive organs
|
|
|
Microsporangia--> microsporocyte--> (meiosis)--> microspores--> pollen (male gametophyte)
|
development of male gametophyte
|
|
|
megasporocyte--> (meiosis)--> 4 megaspores--> (mitosis)-->female gametophyte
|
development of female gametophyte
|
|
|
1 egg cell (zygote), 2 synergid cells (pollen tube), 1 central cell (endosperm), 3 antipodal cells
|
female gametophyte structure
|
|
|
wind, bee, moth/butterfly, fly, bird, bat
|
ways of pollination
|
|
|
when 2 sperm are delivered to female gametophyte
egg--> zygote central cell--> endosperm (3n) |
double fertilization
|
|
|
forms suspensor
|
basal cell
|
|
|
becomes embryo
|
terminal cell
|
|
|
1 or 2 cotyledon (embryonic seed leaf), epicotyl (above), hypocotyl (below)
|
parts of embryo
|
|
|
simple, aggregate, multiple, accessory
|
types of fruits
|
|
|
from a single fused carpel
|
simple fruit
|
|
|
from one flower with many carpels
|
aggregate fruit
|
|
|
from inflorescences- one large fruit of ovaries
|
multiple fruit
|
|
|
from one or other floral parts as well as ovaries
|
accessory fruit
|
|
|
seed uptakes water, radicle (embryonic root) emerges first, shoot tip breaks surface and sprouts up
|
germination
|
|
|
animals, wind, and water
|
fruit dispersal mechanisms
|
|
|
fragmentation, adventitious, and apomixis
|
types of asexual reproduction
|
|
|
a vegatative part of the plant falls off and develops into a new plant
|
fragmentation (asexual)
|
|
|
forms at unusual spots such as stems, leaves, and roots
|
adventitious (asexual)
|
|
|
diploid cell in ovule forms seed (no sperm/egg/fertilization)
|
apomixis
|
|
|
-carpel and stamen mature at different times
-structural arrangemement -self-incompatibility -ability to reject plant's own pollen (most common) -plant recognizes own pollen and blocks tube growth |
prevention of self-fertilization
|
|
|
grafting, artificial selection, hybridization, genetic engineering (DNA), and plant breeding
|
Human modification of plants
|
|
|
taking a twig or bud from one plant and grafting it to another
|
grafting
|
|
|
proteins that act against pesticides, tolerate herbicides, resist diseases, nutritous supplement
|
benefits of GM crops
|
|
|
branching veins, 2 or more cotyledons, taproot system, secondary growth
|
eudicots
|
|
|
parallel veins, 1 cotyledon, fibrous root system, no secondary grwoth
|
monocots
|
|
|
anchor plants, absorb minerals and water, and store nutrients
|
functions of root system
|
|
|
node
|
point where leaves attatch
|
|
|
internode
|
segment between nodes
|
|
|
located near shoot tip; meristem tissue
|
apical bud
|
|
|
structure with potential to form a lateral shoot (branch)
|
axillary bud
|
|
|
apical bud keeps axillary buds near it dormant
|
apical dominance
|
|
|
blade and petiole
|
leaf parts
|
|
|
flattened portion of leaf
|
blade
|
|
|
joins leaf to a node of the stem
|
petiole (stalk)
|
|
|
dermal, vascular, and ground tissue
|
3 types of plant tissues
|
|
|
have only epidermis (later of tissue; skin-like)
|
how is the dermal tissue in nonwoody plants?
|
|
|
periderm (outer bark) replaces the epidermis in old areas of stem and root
|
how is the dermal tissue in a woody plant?
|
|
|
performs long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots: xylem (water+minerals up) and phloem (organic up and down)
|
vascular tissue
|
|
|
Everything other than dermal and vascular: storage, photosynthesis, and support
|
ground tissue
|
|
|
pith (inside)
cortex (outside) |
2 types of ground tissue
|
|
|
-thin and flexible primary walls; no secondary
-simplest -can still divide and diferentiate -photosynthesis, store, and distribute nutrients |
parenchyma cell
|
|
|
-unevenly thickened walls; no secondary
-strands |
collenchyma cells
|
|
|
-dead at maturity with thick secondary walls (support)
|
sclerenchyma cells
|
|
|
sclerids-short and irregular (thick lignin walls)
fibers- long and slender threads |
2 types of sclerenchyma cells
|
|
|
long, thin cells in xylem with secondary cell wall which have pits to allow water to pass
|
tracheids
|
|
|
wide, short, thinner walled cell in the xylem that line up end to end to form vessels
|
vessel element
|
|
|
in phloem, alive but have no organelles
|
sieve-tube elements
|
|
|
neighbor whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells (plasmodesmata connection)
|
companion cells
|
|
|
continuous growth through whole lifetime (plants)
|
indeterminate growth
|
|
|
growth stops at a certain size (animals, leaves)
|
determinate growth
|
|
|
complete life cycle in a year
|
annual
|
|
|
two growing seasons
|
biennial
|
|
|
live for may years
|
perennial
|
|
|
at tips of roots, shoots and the axillary bud; elongate shoots and roots
|
apical meristems in primary growth
|
|
|
add thickness to woody plants
|
lateral meristems in secondary growth
|
|
|
cell division, elongation, and differentiation
|
3 zones of growth in roots
|
|
|
root apical meristem; makes new cell
|
cell division zone
|
|
|
cells grown in length and the root tip pushes down
|
elongation zone
|
|
|
cells differentiate and become distinct cell types
|
differentiation zone
|
|
|
pericycle, cortex, and endodermis
|
root structure
|
|
|
outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder (lateral roots)
|
pericycle
|
|
|
intermost layer of the cortex; barrier between soil and VT
|
endodermis
|
|
|
shoot apical meristem divides the cells--> they elongate and differentiate--> leaves develop at apical buds--> axillary buds develop
|
primary growth of shoots
|
|
|
formed by apical meristem: gives rise to dermal tissue
|
protoderm
|
|
|
lateral shoots develop from axillary buds on surface
|
organization of stem's tissues
|
|
|
primary growth ends--> vascular cambium forms--> thickens stem--> cork cambium forms--> makes cork
|
secondary growth
|
|
|
cork cambium+cork layers
|
periderm
|
|
|
raised spot in periderm that forms gaps in cork fro gas exchange
|
lenticels
|
|
|
wood with thin cell walls for water delivery
|
early wood
|
|
|
wood with thick walled cells for stem support
|
late wood
|
|
|
older layers of secondary xylem that can no longer transport water and minerals
|
heartwood
|
|
|
outer layers which transport minerals through the xylem
|
sapwood
|
