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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the structure of mitochondria, starting from the outside in |
- outer membrane - intermembrane space - inner membrane (highly folded) - individual fold is Cristae - matrix = lumen of inner membrane |
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name the structure of chloroplasts from out to in |
- outer membrane - inner membrane space - inner membrane - Stroma - thylakoid membrane - thylakoid space - granum = stack of thylakoids |
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evidence of bacterial origins of mitochondria? |
by the presence of circular DNA and their semi autonomous division |
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bacterial origins of chloroplasts? |
have circular DNA and semi autonomous |
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what are the similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts? |
- they have similar evolutionary origins - have related functions |
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functions of mitochondria? |
- power house of the cell - location of krebs cycle and ETC - formation of ATP |
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functions of chloroplasts? |
- location of photosynthesis = sunlight to energy |
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what part of chloroplasts are similar to the matrix of mitochondria and why? |
the stroma because it contains the DNA and enzymes |
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what are the 3 fibers of the cytoskeleton?
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microtubules actin filaments (microfiliaments) intermediate filaments - most stable |
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describe the structure of the microtubules |
- pipe like structure - rigid - inelastic - 25 nm in diameter - grows at + end, shrinks at - end = dynamic - - end is at the centrosome |
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structure of actin filaments (microfiliaments) |
two stranded spiral form = helical 7 nm - has a + and - end - dynamic = grow and shrink |
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structure of intermediate filaments |
Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thickercables 32 stranded twisted filaments 10 nm tetramer subunits not directional, and stable because not very dynamic |
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functions of microtubules |
- spindle apparatus (pulls apart chromosome in cell division) - maintenance of cell shape - cell motility (cilia - ors and flagella - tails) - high way system (transport vesicles) - have motor proteins - kinesins - move towards + end, walking - dyneins - move towards - end, rotary movement |
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functions of microfilaments (actin) |
- muscle fibers, contaction - cell division, contractile ring called cleavage furrow - phagocytosis - actin near cell cortex extend out and surround bacteria - myosin move in + direction |
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important locations of intermediate filaments |
nuclear lamina keratins (skin, nails, hair, claws) axons |
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what is the defining feature of prokaryotes? |
- they lack a nuclear envelope to house DNA, no membrane - no nucleus |
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what are the two domains of prokaryotes? |
bacteria archaea |
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what is a peptidoglycan? |
it is a mix of proteins and sugars that reside outside the phospolipid bilayer and create hard shell - basic building block of bacterial cell wall |
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what is gram positive? |
the prokaryote has a think peptidoglycan layer - looks purple when dye is added |
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what is gram negative? |
the prokaryote has a thin peptidoglycan layer and a outer membrane above it containing lipopolysaccharides. - appears red when dyes are added cuz violet washes away |
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do archaea have a peptidoglycan layer? |
no |
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other outer structures of prokaryotes |
capsules fimbriae sex pili fladellum |
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capsule structure and function |
- a dense secretion of polysaccharides or proteinsthat form thick wall. - thinner wall is called slime layer - they allow prevent dehydration |
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finbriae structure and function |
- protein base and hair like appendages - shorter and more numerous than pili |
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flagellum structure and function |
- whip like appendage - allows bacterial mobility, 190 mph |
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sex pili structure and function |
protein tubules that pull cell together |
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how do prokaryotes reproduce? |
by binary fission = splitting in half |
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where in a prokaryote is DNA found? |
in the nucleoid |
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describe mutation |
- ultimate source of variation - spontaneous - effective |
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describe conjugation |
exchanging plasmids |
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what is a plasmid |
small, circular segments of DNA that contain non essential genes - can be shared via conjugation - the donor of the plasmid must have the F-factor |
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describe transformation |
taking up and incorporating DNA from outside |
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describe transduction |
genetic transfer by phage infection |
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what are phototrophs |
Organisms that obtain energy from light
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what are chemotrophs |
organisms that obtain energy from chemicals |
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what is an autotroph |
Organisms that need only CO2 in someform as a carbon source
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what is a heterotroph |
organism require at least one organic nutrient, such as glucose |
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memorize nutritional modes chart |
do it |
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name the three things that motabolize oxygen |
obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes facultative anaerobes |
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what is special about obligate aerobes |
needs oxygen to survive |
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what is special about obligate anaerobes |
they are poisoned by oxygen
live exclusively by fermentation |
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what is special about facultative anaerobes? |
they use O2 if itis present but can also carry out fermentation
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what are some benifits of prokaryotes |
e. coli - cloning plant engineering yogurt, cheese, plastics production oil cleanup antibiotic producer |
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what are the parts of a virus and what do they look like? |
- genome is made up of nucleic acids - capsomere is an individual capsid |
