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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do animals need food?
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fuel
essential nutrients biosynthesis |
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What are essential nutrients?
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nutrients that the body needs but cannot produce on its own; must ingest them
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What is biosynthesis?
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The synthesis of macromolecules that the body needs
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What are the 4 stages in food processing?
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ingestion
digestion absorption elimination |
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What do the following polymers break down into?
polysaccharides proteins nucleic acids |
simple sugars
amino acids nucleotides |
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How do chemicals cross through cell membranes?
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hydrolisis breaks down the molecules so that they are small enough to cross thin membranes
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Where are digest molecules absorbed in one-celled organisms?
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in a food vacuole surrounded by lysosomes
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How does a gastrovascular cavity function in digestion?
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enzymes are secreted to break down soft tissue of the prey; cells of the gastrodermis engulf the food particles and most of the hydrolysis occurs intracellularly; undigested material is eliminated through the same hole from which it entered
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What is an alimentary canal?
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a tube with two openings, which can have specialized compartments for digestion; only two openings
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Which animals have an alimentary canal
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birds, mammals, arthropods, worms
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How is food moved through an alimentary canal?
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peristalsis, through smooth muscle
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What is the function of teeth in digestion?
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to break down food so that there is more surface area
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What is the function of the tongue in digestion?
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to move the bolus to the back of the throat
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What is amylase?
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hydrolizes starch; enzyme found in saliva
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What is the pharynx?
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opens to the esophagus and trachea
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What is the larynx?
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houses the vocal chords
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What is the glottis?
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vocal folds and the space between the folds
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What is the epiglottis?
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prevents food from going into the trachea; cartilaginous flap
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What is the esophagus?
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tube that connects oral cavity and stomach
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What is the trachea?
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connects the oral cavity and lungs
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How does the epiglottis prevent food from entering the trachea?
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by covering the glottis
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Why are sphincters important?
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they prevent backflow of digested food, blood, etc
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Where is the stomach located?
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just below the diaphragm
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What is the function of the stomach?
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continue digestion and store food
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What are rugae?
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folds in the stomach
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What is chyme?
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mixture of gastric juice and food
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Why is HCl important?
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kills most bacteria and denatures proteins; breaks down food
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What does pepsin do?
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Further digests foods; breaks them down into smaller polypeptides
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What is pepsinogen?
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inactive pepsin pumped into lumen of the stomach
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What is the dueodenum?
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digestive juices from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder are pumped into this portion of the small intestine
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How does the pancreas aid in digestion?
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Produces an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate, and enzymes
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What does bicarbonate from the pancreas act as?
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a buffer
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What is the function of bile?
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break down fats and lipids
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What does bile contain?
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bile salts
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What do bile salts do?
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act as detergents that aid in digestion
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What does the gallbladder do?
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stores bile
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What does the liver do?
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produces bile
breaks down toxins destroys red blood cells that are no longer functional |
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Where are villi and microvilli housed?
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the small intestine
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Why are villi and microvilli important?
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They greatly increase surface area in the small intestine
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What are capillaries?
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microscopic blood vessels
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How do lacteals function in digestion?
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They accept macromolecules that cannot fit into capillaries and transport them to larger veins
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What is the major function of the colon?
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to reabsorb water used in digestion
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What is one bacteria that lives in the human colon?
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E Coli
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What is the function of the rectum?
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store waste
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What is the function of the anus?
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To eliminate waste
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When will interstitial fluid enter capillaries?
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When osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure
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What will fluid in the capillaries exit the capillaries?
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When blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
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Where do erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets develop from?
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multipotent stem cells
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Where are multipotent stem cells found?
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ribs; marrow of bones
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What is atherosclerosis?
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hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits
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What is a heart attack?
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damage or death of cardiac muscle
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What is a stroke?
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death of nervous tissue in the brain due to lack of O2
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What is LDL?
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bad cholesterol; deposits in vessels
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What is HDL?
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good cholesterol; removes LDL buildup
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What is hypertension?
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high blood pressure
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What is a thrombus?
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A fragment released by plaque is swept along in the vessels and can cause a blockage
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What is included in the group of lemurs?
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lemurs, lorises, pottos
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What is included in the group of apes?
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gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans
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What is an advantage of bipedalism?
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requires less energy than walking on four limbs
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How are humans different from other primates?
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bipedal
larger brain language and symbolic thought manufacture and use of complex tools |
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What is phagocytosis?
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cells engulfing food particles
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Which animals have open circulatory systems?
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arthropods; mollusks
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How do organs get nutrients and gas in an open circulatory system?
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the organs are bathed directly by hemolymph - a blood analogue
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What kind of circulatory system do cnidarians and flatworms have?
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gastrovascular
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How does an open circulatory system work?
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a heart pumps hemolymph into the area surrounding organs; relaxation of the heart pulls hemolymph back; circulation occurs through movement of the animal
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What is a closed circulatory system?
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blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
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What animals have closed cirulatory systems?
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mammals, annelids (earthworms), cephalopods (squids, octopi)
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What are the benefits of a closed circulatory system?
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high blood pressure; effective delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells
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what do arteries do?
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carry blood away form heart
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What do veins do?
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carry blood back to the heart
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What do capillaries do?
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chemicals/gases diffuse through the walls of capillaries from interstitial fluid
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What is the function of plasma?
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carries salts (electrolytes/ions) which are important in maintaining osmotic balance of the blood; acts as a buffer; maintain blood viscosity
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Why are red blood cells shaped the way they are?
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to increase surface area for more O2 absorption through hemoglobin
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What is the function of white blood cells?
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to fight infections
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What are platelets?
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fragments of cells
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What is the function of platelets?
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help in blood clotting
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What is gas exchange?
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uptake of O2 and release of CO2
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What are respiratory media?
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source of O2
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What is the difference between water and air as far as respiratory media?
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O2 is less dense in water
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What is countercurrent exchange?
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blood flows in one direction, water flows in the opposite direction
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How does gas exchange occur in
sponges? |
cells, diffusion
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How does gas exchange occur in
cnidarians |
diffusion, only 2 layers
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How does gas exchange occur in
flatworms, nematodes, annelids |
diffusion, skin
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How does gas exchange occur in
terrestrial arthropods |
tracheal system in grasshoppers
book lungs of spiders |
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What is the function of the operculum?
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pushes water through gills
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What does pulmocutaneous mean?
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includes capillaries in the lungs and skin
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What is the diving reflex?
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Heart rate slows
only vital organs recieve blood after O2 is used, anaerobic respiration begins |
