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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the mammalian order Primate include?
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lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
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What group are humans a part of?
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Apes
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What are the derived characteristics of primates?
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hands and feet adapted for grasping
large brain and short jaws forward-looking eyes closer together on the face, provides depth perception complex social behavior and parental care fully opposable thumbs (in monkeys and apes) |
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What are the 3 main living groups of primates?
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Lemurs, lorises, and pottos
Tarsiers Anthropoids (monkeys and apes) |
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Where did the first monkeys evolve?
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Asia and Africa
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What is included in the group of anthropoids informally called apes?
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gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans
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What did apes diverge from?
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Old World Monkeys
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How old is Homo sapiens?
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200,000 years
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What are the derived characteristics of humans?
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Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
Larger brains Language capabilities and symbolic thought The manufacture and use of complex tools Shortened jaw Shorter digestive tract |
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What is paleoanthropology?
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The study of humans
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What are hominins?
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They are more closely related to humans than chimpanzees
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When and where did hominins originate?
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Africa, 6-7 million years ago
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Early hominins...
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had a small brain but probably walked upright
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Stone tools were found with Homo habilis. What does the name 'habilis' mean?
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handyman
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What was the first hominin to leave Africa?
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Homo erectus
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What African ancestors are all humans descendants of?
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Homo erectus
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Homo sapiens were the first to show evidence of what?
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symbolic and sophisticated thought
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What does diurnal mean?
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awake during the day, sleep during the night
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What is the ancestral primate of humans like?
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squirrel or shrew
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What does arboreal mean?
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tree dwelling
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What is brachiation?
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swinging from branch to branch
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Why are larger brains important?
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better hand-eye coordination
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What does anthropoid mean?
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man-like
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Herbivores eat...
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plants and algae
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Omnivores eat...
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autotrophs and animals
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Carnivores eat...
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other animals
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Why is food necessary?
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To create ATP
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What are essential nutrients?
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Nutrients that the body cannot make itself
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What is biosynthesis?
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To synthesize (make) organic molecules
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Where do the eight essential amino acids come from?
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Grains and legumes
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How is food processed in animals?
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Ingestion
Digestion Absorption Elimination |
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What is ingestion?
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food is taken into the oral cavity
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What is digestion?
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process of breaking down food to molecules
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Carbohydrates break down into...
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monosaccharides
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Lipids break down into...
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glycerol and fatty acids
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Proteins break down into...
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amino acids
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Nucleic acids break down into...
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nucleotides
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What happens during absorption in digestion?
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small molecules are absorbed through thin membranes into the blood
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What is elimination in terms of digestion?
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getting rid of undigested or unused wastes
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In general, if digestion is extracelllular...
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–outside of the cells
–broken down by teeth, for example –catalyzed by enzymes, acids |
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In general, if digestion is intracellular...
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–within cells
–broken down by chemical reactions, e.g.,enzymes (lysosomes) |
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What is phagocytosis?
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the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole."
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What is an alimentary canal?
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Complete digestive tract
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Describe the alimentary canal
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•A complete digestive tract
•Two openings, mouth and anus •Nematodes, Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates •Food moves in one direction •increasingly more specialization of sections |
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Describe saliva
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–released from glands
–glycoprotein protects the soft lining of the mouth –buffers maintain pH –antibacterial agents kill bacteria –salivary amylase breaks down starches |
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What macromolecules are the first to be broken down in mammalian digestion?
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carbs
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What is a bolus?
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A ball of chewed food formed in the mouth
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What is the function of the tongue in ingestion?
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Manipulate the bolus
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What are the two different kinds of vitamins?
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fat and water soluble
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What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?
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vitamins are organic; minerals are not
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What are some minerals that we need?
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iodine, calcium, iron, magnesium
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ESSAY Q:
What do animals need food for? |
•fuel chemical energy -to regenerate cellular energy (ATP)
•essential nutrients –nutrients that the body can not make itself •biosynthesis –to synthesize or make organic molecules |
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What is the difference between mal and under nourished?
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Undernourished, not enough food (calories) period. Mal is you are not getting enough vitamins and minerals and proteins from your diet.
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How does a sponge digest food?
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A sponge has a specialized type of cells that have flagella. The flagella beat and produce a current of water through the interior of the sponge. In the water there are zooplankton (microscopic floating animals) and phytoplankton (plants). When the plankton are within the sponge, individual cells trap the particles in food vacuoles and digest them. Each cell feeds independently.
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Flatworm digestive systems have...
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increased branching and surface area for absorption
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What does a gizzard do?
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contains pebbles and enzymes to break down food
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What is the function of the crop?
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moistens food particles for smoother digestion; stores food
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What is the function of the intestines?
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absorption
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What is the function of the esophagus?
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To transport food from the mouth to the stomach
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What is the function of the pharynx?
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Food is forced into the pharynx by the tongue. When food reaches the opening, sensory receptors around the fauces respond and initiate an involuntary swallowing reflex
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What is a typhlosole?
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An internal fold of the intestines
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What do the gastric cecae do?
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secretes enzymes
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What is peristalsis?
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rhythmic waves that move food through the digestive system
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What does the pancreas do?
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secretes buffers/enzymes
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What does the liver do?
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produces bile
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What does the gall bladder do?
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stores bile
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What does the large intestine do?
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reabsorbs water
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What does the rectum do?
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stores waste
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What are buffers?
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Buffers absorb H+ to neutralize food
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What does the stomach do?
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Stores food
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What are gastric rugae?
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Accordian-like folds in the stomach
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Where are gastric juices produced
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In the epithelial lining in the stomach
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What are gastric juices composed of?
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Hydrochloric acid (ph 2); pepsin
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What does hydrochloric acid do? What does pepsin do?
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kills bacteria
breaks down proteins |
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What is acid chime?
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The mixture of food, acids and pepsin in the stomach.
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What is the stomach lining protected by?
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Mucus, secreted by the epithelial lining
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What are ulcers, what causes them?
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lesions of the stomach lining caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria
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Where are most nutrients absorbed?
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small intestine
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Where does carbohydrate digestion take place?
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oral cavity, lumen of small intestine, epithelium of large intestine
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Where does protein digestion take place?
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stomach, lumen of small intestine, epithelium of small intestine
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Where does nucleic acid digestion take place?
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lumen of small intestines, epithelium of small intestine
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Where does fat digestion take place?
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lumen of small intestine
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Why is the surface area in the small intestine so great?
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it is increase by villi and microvilli
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How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?
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Nutrients are absorbed across the membranes of blood vessels (capillaries)
Nutrients are drained into the hepatic portal vessel and then into the liver |
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How are fats absorbed?
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Fats are absorbed through the membranes of lymphatic vessels into lacteals
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What does the large intestine do?
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reabsorbs water used during digestion
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What bacteria inhabit the colon?
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Escherichia coli bacteria
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Where are feces stored?
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the rectum
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What does the circulatory system circulate?
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gas
organic nutrients minerals |
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How does the circulatory system work in small animals?
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body movements
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How does the circulatory system work in large animals?
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the heart pumps blood
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How does Porifera circulate nutrients?
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circulates through pores, and out through the osculum
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How does gas exchange occur in Porifera?
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gases and nutrients diffuse across cell membranes
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Describe the gastrovascular cavity.
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single opening
sac-like gases, nutrients, minerals circulate within the cavity by body movement transport across cell membranes |
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What is hemolymph?
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blood analogue used by arthropods and mollusks
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What is in hemolymph?
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salts
proteins lipids carbohydrates hemocytes |
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How does circulation occur in mollusks and arthropods?
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not enclosed within vessels
bathes cells/tissues directly a small heart pumps fluids body movement circulates fluids |
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How does the closed circulatory system work?
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Blood enclosed in vessels; heart pumps the blood
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What animals have closed circulatory systems?
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earthworms, squids, octopuses, vertebrates
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What does blood contain?
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blood plasma
red and white blood cells platelets |
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What's in the pericardial cavity?
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heart, lungs
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What kind of muscle is in the heart?
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smooth and striated
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What do the Sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node do?
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regulate contractions of the heart
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Are arteries or veins thicker?
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arteries; blood pumped through them
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What kind of tissue is blood?
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connective
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What are Erythrocytes?
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red blood cells
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What are Leukocytes?
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white blood cells
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What are red and white blood cells called?
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Erythrocytes and leukocytes
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What does blood carry?
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carries organic nutrients, gases, minerals
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What is a respiratory medium?
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Where oxygen comes from
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What percent of air is composed of oxygen?
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21%
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Why is pollution harmful?
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changes the amount of oxygen in air or water
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What is a respiratory surface?
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Where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged in an organism
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What are four respiratory surfaces?
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gills, lungs, cells and skin
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What animals use cells as a respiratory surface?
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sponges
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What animals use lungs as a respiratory surface?
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terrestrial animals
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What animals use gills as a respiratory surface?
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aquatic
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What animals use skin as a respiratory surface?
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small, sessile and aquatic
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What is countercurrent exchange?
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water flows in the opposite direction that the blood flows
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What is an operculum?
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muscular flap used for ventilation
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What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
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tracheal system
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What is a spiracle?
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opening in the exoskeleton which allows for air to pass through to the lungs
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What does the nose do?
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Filters and warms air
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What is the larynx?
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vocal cords
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What is the trachea?
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The windpipe; surrounded by cartilage, contains cilia and mucus
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What is contained in the lungs?
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Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli; spongey and moist
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What is the diving reflex?
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In animals that swim; heart rate decreases, blood is stored in muscles, metabolism decreases; after all oxygen is used, anaerobic respiration takes place
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Why do birds have air sacs?
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An adaptation for flying; more ATP, etc
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What do the semilunar valves do/
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Prevent backflow
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KNOW:
What are the three main components of the circulatory system? |
heart, blood, vessels
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How do skin, lungs, gills and cells stay moist?
ESSaY Q |
skin - moist areas, secrete mucus
lungs - moisture in the body, enclosed, not exposed to air gills - contact with water because there is a smaller O2 concentration in water than in air cells - sponges are aquatic |
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What is pulmocutaneous circulation?
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blood goes to the skin and lungs; in amphibians
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What is a basement membrane?
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A thin membrane on which is a single layer of cells
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What do capillaries do?
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Connect arterioles and venules, and enable the interchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
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How does blood move through blood vessels?
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Skeletal muscle squeezes the veins; valves open and close.
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When does interstitial fluid enter capillaries?
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when pressure in the capillaries is greater than osmotic pressure
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When does fluid in the capillaries enter interstitial fluid?
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When osmotic pressure exceeds pressure in the capillary
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What is blood pressure?
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Pressure exerted on the walls of vessels
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What is systolic pressure?
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pressure exerted as the heart pumps
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What is diastolic pressure?
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measurement of the relaxed vessel
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What is normal blood pressure?
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120/70
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What are pluripotent stem cells?
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Cells that have the potential to differentiate
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Where are blood cells and platelets produced?
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produced in the marrow of bones by stem cells
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What is leukemia?
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Cancerous stem cells produce large quantities of leukocytes which crowd out red blood cells
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In blood clots, what happens to fibrinogen?
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converts to fibrin
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What releases clotting factors?
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Platelets
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What is hemophilia?
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A genetic mutation in the clotting process; excessive bleeding
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How do you get hemophilia?
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genetics
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What is cardiovascular disease/
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disease that occurs within the heart or the vessels
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What's the difference between LDL and HDL? (cholesterol)
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LDL is bad; causes depositions
HDL is good; gets rid of LDL |
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What is Athersclerosis?
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Deposits of cholesterol hinder smooth blood flow
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What is hypertension?
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high blood pressure
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What is angina pectoris?
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small, occasional heart pains
arteries of the heart are partially blocked |
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What causes angina pectoris?
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stress; not enough oxygen is reaching the heart
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What is heart attack?
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death of cardiac muscle
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How does a heart attack occur?
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extreme or prolonged blockage of coronary arteries
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What is a stroke?
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death of nervous tissue in the brain
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How does a stroke occur?
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results from rupture or blockage in arteries in the head
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What is a thrombus?
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blood clot that clogs a vessel
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What is an embolus?
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◦transported clot
◦can get caught in small vessels ◦can cause heart attack or stroke |
