Bio Test 3

Front 1

What has the shift in the type of fish caught been?

Back 1

shift from fish @ top of food chain, to bottom of food chain

Front 2

What has mean trophic level of fish done over time?

Back 2

declined

Front 3

Why does fishing out one species lead to community change?

Back 3

because it reduces competition/predation pressure on another species which then effects the community

Front 4

What are specific ways to reduce mortality rate of fish?

Back 4

- reduce bycatch
- set up marine reserves
- sustainable quotas
- reduce overall fishing efforts

Front 5

maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

Back 5

max # of fish that can be caught with the remaining fish population still being able to replenish itself

Front 6

In what circumstance would fixed quota harvesting be ideal?

Back 6

if the population was the same every year

Front 7

In theory, what is the MSY?

Back 7

1/2 K, carrying capacity

Front 8

Two signs of US lobster fisheries being in bad shape

Back 8

- must go farther out to sea to catch lobsters
- average size of lobster is smaller

Front 9

3 non private approaches to lowering fish mortality

Back 9

- limited lenght of fishing season = lower fishing intensity
- bigger net mesh = more chance of escape for juveniles
- fishing with mindset of multiple age classes = prevent decline

Front 10

What are Marine Protected Areas?

Back 10

places in the ocean where removal of animals/plants is permenantly forbidden

Front 11

What cant reserves protect marine species from?

Back 11

pollution and climate change

Front 12

Source-sink dynamics

Back 12

marine reserves act as source area replenishing populations for nearby sink areas where fish are harvested

source (r > 0)
sink (r<0)

Front 13

3 life stages of marine organisms

Back 13

larval, juvenile, adult

Front 14

In what life stage do marine organisms often travel 10s to 100s of km?

Back 14

larval

Front 15

What are the functions of the MPA (marine protected area)?

Back 15

- living museums of biodiversity
- resupply nearby fished areas with more fish
- help w/ conservation and fish production

Front 16

What fish have more young?

Back 16

bigger ones

Front 17

How long do changes in MPAs take to occur?

Back 17

lenght of time varies and is species specific

Front 18

How much of the world do MPAs cover?

Back 18

less than 0.01% of the ocean

Front 19

How large are must MPAs?

Back 19

less than 1.5 sq. miles

Front 20

Negatives associated with fish farms

Back 20

- habitat loss
- conversion of coastal wetlands into farms (eliminates key ecosystem services)
- loss of erosion control/flood protection
-loss of natural fish nurseries

Front 21

Mutualisms

Back 21

paired interactions where both species benefit

Front 22

Are all mutualisms obligate?

Back 22

no, some are faculative

Front 23

Protection mutualism example

Back 23

- fish and anemone (fish live/hide there and attack anemone predators)
- ants and acacia trees

Front 24

farming mutualism example

Back 24

- atta ants feed fungus leaves from trees, the fungus breaks it down into usable energy form for ants

- ants "milk" honeydew secreted as waste by caterpillars

Front 25

Pierce's study of caterpillars/ants hypotheses

Back 25

- hyp 1 - honeydew function:
appeasement gesture that prevented
ants from eating the caterpillars.
- hyp 2-
http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/Research/main/research.html
presence of ants served to
protect caterpillars from predators and
parasites.

Front 26

Enemies of caterpillars in Pierce's study

Back 26

parastic wasps - parasitoids

Front 27

Experimental Treatments for Pierce's study

Back 27

1 - plants where ants where prevented from entering (tanglewood)
2- tanglewood applied to 1/2 stem (allowed ant to enter and tend, controlled for potential tanglewood effects)
3 - unmanipulated = ants allowed to enter and tend

Front 28

Results of Pierce's study

Back 28

much higher rates for both parasitism and larvae disappearance on plants where ants had been removed

Front 29

What did the New England Marsh Study study?

Back 29

positive associations among marsh plants

Front 30

What were the two zones of the new england marsh study?

Back 30

iva - well drained, low salinity

junca - waterlogged, high salinity

Front 31

What were the 4 experimental treatments in the New England marsh study?

Back 31

1. removal of junca plants
2. no removal of neighbor plants (control)
3. neighbor removal and shade
4. neighbor removal and manipulation control

Front 32

Marsh study - What was the interaction like when salt concentration was lower?

Back 32

positive-positive

Front 33

Marsh study - What was the interaction like when salt concentration was higher?

Back 33

negative-negative

Front 34

Treatment factors for doug fir - forest/grassland encroachment

Back 34

1. Open (high light, low fog water, absent tree roots)

2. Shade (low light, low fog water, absent tree roots)

3. Plastic tree (low light, high fog water, absent tree roots)

4. live tree (low light, high fog water, present roots)

Front 35

Do trees positively affect seedling growth? How was this figured?

Back 35

Yes, its a positive interaction for the seedlings.

Positive (Open-plastic)
Negative (live - plastic)
Net effects (live- open)

Front 36

Increasing physical stress does what to frequency of positive interactions....

Back 36

increase it

Front 37

Increasing consumer pressure increases _____ and ________

Back 37

frequency of competitive interactions

associational defences

Front 38

What is an exploitative relationship?

Back 38

one species is harmed, the other benefits

Front 39

carnivores

Back 39

consume animal prey

Front 40

herbivores

Back 40

consume plant prey

Front 41

omnivores

Back 41

consume both plant and animal prey

Front 42

generalist

Back 42

consumes lots of different types of prey

Front 43

specialist

Back 43

consume limited type or types of prety

Front 44

true predators

Back 44

kill prey immediately, eat many prey in their lifetime

Front 45

grazers

Back 45

consume only part of prey's body, rarely lethal

Front 46

parasitoids

Back 46

always eventually kill prey, only have one prey item in lifetime (parasitic wasps)

Front 47

parasites

Back 47

feed on one or few hosts, usualy consume only a part, rarely lethal

Front 48

Environemental __________ key to stable coexistance

Back 48

heterogeneity

Front 49

population cycleing

Back 49

can be graphed as a circle centered around (0,0). with # of predators increasing on y and # of prey on x, with arrows moving counter clockwise

Front 50

What is the dominant regulatory factor for bottom-up regulation?

Back 50

resource abundance/competition

Front 51

What is the dominant regulatory factor for top-down regulation

Back 51

predator abundance and habits

Front 52

What is usually needed to distinguish between top-down and bottom-up?

Back 52

experimental manipulation

Front 53

What does negative density dependence suggest?

Back 53

suggests competition, not predation is limiting

Front 54

Hairston, Smith and Slobokin model three trophic levels

Back 54

plants, herbivores, predators

Front 55

Hairston, Smith and Slobokin model

Back 55

predators limit herbivores which are then unable to limit plants, so the world is green

Front 56

Hairston smith an dsloboking model - resource competition

Back 56

plants compete for nutrients an dlight, herbivores do not compete

Front 57

HSS Models - what are the strong interactions

Back 57

predators --> herbivores (predation)
plants --> plants (competition)

Front 58

HSS Models - what are the weak interactions

Back 58

herbiovres --> plants