Bio Test 3

Front 1

Describe 3 ways natural selection can modify traits in populations

Back 1

1. population-group of organisms of the same species that interbreed and have offspring

2. directional selection- individuals with one extreme from the range of variation in the population have higher fitness

3.disruptive selection- individuals with extreme phenotypes experience the highest fitness, and those with intermediate phenotypes have the lowest

Front 2

Explain four ways evolutionary change can take place

Back 2

1. Mutation- alteration of the base pair sequence of an individual's DNA

2.Genetic Drift- random change in the allelic frequencies in a population

3.Migration- Change in allele frequencies caused by individuals moving into or out of a population

4.Natural selection.

Front 3

Identify the difference between evolution and natural selection

Back 3

Evolution: Change in the allele frequencies of a population

Front 4

Understand and explain the five different lines of evidence for the occurrence of evolution

Back 4

1. Biogeography- patterns in the geographic distribution of living organisms.

2.Fossil record- physical evidence of organisms that lived in the past

3. comparative anatomy and embryology- growth,development, and body structures of major groups of organisms

4. molecular biology- examination of life at the level of individual molecules

5.labortory and field studies- implementation of the scientific method to observe and study evolutionary mechanisms

Front 5

What can natural selection do?

Back 5

1. Change frequency of simple traits in a population

2. Change frequency of inheritable behaviors in a population

3. Co-opt traits to serve a completely new function

Front 6

Define Analougous

Back 6

Features that are similar due to adaption

Front 7

What is genetic data

Back 7

1. all living organisms share the same genetic code

2. degree of similarity in DNA of different species can reveal how closely related they are and the amount of time that has passed since they last shared a common ancestor

Front 8

What are Vestigial Structures?

Back 8

Homologous feature present but not needed

Front 9

Define homologous

Back 9

Something that is present because it was present in a common ancestor, inherited

Front 10

Define three important elements of fitness

Back 10

1. An individuals measure relative to other genotypes/phenotypes in the population

2. Depends on the specific environment in which the organisms lives

3.Depends on the organisms reproductive success compared to other organisms in the population

Front 11

Define prepared learning-

Back 11

Behaviors that are learned easily by all, or nearly all, individuals of a species

Front 12

Define Altruistic Behaviors

Back 12

Behaviors that come at a cost of the individual doing the behavior while benefiting the recipient

Front 13

Define Kin Selection-

Back 13

Kindness towards close relatives

Front 14

Define Reciprocal Altruism

Back 14

Kindness towards unrelated individuals

Front 15

Define Hamilton's rule

Back 15

Altruistic- appearing behavior will occur when benefits to close relatives are greater than costs to the individual preforming the behaviors

Front 16

Define Direct Fitness

Back 16

Individuals total reproductive output

Front 17

Define indirect fitness

Back 17

Reproductive output brought about by the altruistic behaviors toward close relatives

Front 18

Define inclusive fitness

Back 18

Sum of an individuals indirect and direct fitness

Front 19

Define Group Selection

Back 19

Behavior that decreases individual fitness but is beneficial to the group

Front 20

Define Polygamy

Back 20

When some individuals attract multiple mates while other individuals attract none

Front 21

Define polygyny

Back 21

One male mates with multiple females

Front 22

Define polyandry

Back 22

One female mates with multiple males

Front 23

Define Monogamy

Back 23

Most individuals mate and remain with just one individual

Front 24

Define three forms of communication

Back 24

1. Chemical- Pheromones released by one individual and detected by another using its antennae can trigger behavioral responses

2. Auditory- Sounds are a common method of triggering behavior responses

3- Visual- Organisms can convey information such as threats or receptivity with visual displays

Front 25

Describe Innate Behaviors (Instincts) -

Back 25

Don't require any environmental input or develop. Present in individuals in a population and do not vary much from one individual to another or over an individuals life span

Front 26

Define Honest Signal

Back 26

Signal that cannot be fakes and is given when both the individual responding to it have the same interests

Front 27

Define behavior

Back 27

Trait that can satisfy the three conditions require for evolution by natural selection

Front 28

Four traits of fixed action pattern are...

Back 28

1. Continued to completion

2. Triggered by stimuli in the environment

3. Highly Stereotypes

4. Triggered by an inappropriate stimulus

Front 29

Explain biological species concept

Back 29

- Animals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

-Similarity does NOT matter

- Have ability to exchange genes

Front 30

Explain the types of barriers to reproduction that keep species separate

Back 30

-Pre-zygotic- Individuals are physically unable to make with each other

* If the individuals are able to mate, the male's reproductive cell is unable to fertilize the female's reproductive cell

-Post-zygotic- Mating produce hybrid individuals that do not survive long after fertilization

*If hybrid offspring survice, they are infertile or have reduced fertility

Front 31

Explain how to identify and name a species

Back 31

Using a hierarchical system of classification, inclusive on the top and exclude on the bottom

Front 32

Compare and contrast the biological species concept and the morphological species concept

Back 32

-Morphological species concept- Physical features such as body size and shape

*Can be used effectively to classify asexual species

-Biological Species Concept- useful when describing most plants and animals, but falls short of representing a universal and definitive way of distinguishing many life forms

Front 33

Describe the phases and mechanisms of speciation

Back 33

-Allopatric- Occurs when a geographic barrier causes one group of individuals in a population to be reproductively isolated from another group (different country)

-Sympatric- No geographic isolation (same country), common in plants but not animals

*Polyploidy - Cell division error

-Speciation- Process by which one species splits into two distinct species

*Can occur by polyploidy or by a combination of reproductive isolation and genetic divergence

Front 34

Define systematics and phylogeny

Back 34

Systematics- names and arranges species in a manner that indicates common ancestors they share, points at which they diverged from each other and tries to reconstruct phylogeny (evolutionary history)

Front 35

What is the purpose of an evolutionary tree and what can it demonstrate

Back 35

-Node represents where species share a common ancestor

-Hypotheses about ancestor descendent relationship

Front 36

What is the difference between analogous trait homologous features?

Back 36

Analogous traits - features that are similar due to adaption

Homologous Features- something that is present because it was present in a common ancestor

Front 37

Define bacteria

Back 37

Single cell organism with no nucleus or organelles, one or more circular molecules of DNA, a sexual organisms

Front 38

Define Achaea

Back 38

Thermophiles, halophiles, high and low pH tolerant, high- pressure tolerant and methanogens

Front 39

Define Eukarya

Back 39

All living organisms that you can see with the naked eye, 4 kingdoms: protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Front 40

Define Life

Back 40

Defined as the ability to replicate and by the presence of some sort of metabolic activity

Front 41

3 phases in the development of life

Back 41

1. Formation of small molecule containing carob and hydrogen, conditions on earth at the time life began

2. Formation of self- replicating, information-containing molecules

*RNA can catalyze reactions necessary for replication

3.Development of a membrane, enabling metabolism and creating first cells

*Spontaneously- mixtures of phospholipids from macromolecules, lipids surrounding h2o and RNA with h2o on the outside

Front 42

Describe the likely structure of primitive life

Back 42

A lipid sphere surrounding enzymatically active RNA

Front 43

Explain the concept of a single-gene trait

Back 43

Phenotype (appearance is determined by the alleles in one gene

Front 44

Define Heredity

Back 44

How genes are inherited

Front 45

Define gene

Back 45

Genetic Factor

Front 46

Define Allele

Back 46

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

Front 47

Define Dominant

Back 47

Allele that masks the other allele (uppercase letter)

Front 48

Define Recessive:

Back 48

Allele that is masked (lower case letter)

Front 49

Define Homozygous

Back 49

Two of the same alleles

Front 50

Define heterozygous

Back 50

Two different alleles

Front 51

What is the difference between an organisms genotype and its phenotype

Back 51

Genotype is the genetic make up of a cell, phenotype is the observable traits in an organism

Front 52

How can a test-cross be used to determine the genotype of an organism

Back 52

Individual with a dominant phenotype and an unknown genotype is mated with a homozygous recessive individual (ex. R_and rr)

Front 53

What does an open circle mean

Back 53

Female

Front 54

What does a filled in circle mean?

Back 54

Has trait of interest

Front 55

When does incomplete dominance occur?

Back 55

When heterozygous exhibits an intermediate phenotype between two homozygotes

Front 56

When does co-dominance occur?

Back 56

When heterozygous displays characteristics of both homozygotes

Front 57

How do multiple alleles work?

Back 57

Single gene has more that 2 alleles and each individual still carries only 2 alleles (ex. blood type: 3 possible alleles A,B, and O

Front 58

What is polygenic inheritance influenced by?

Back 58

Many different genes

Front 59

When does pleiotropy occur?

Back 59

When one gene influences multiple, different traits (1 gene --> multiple phenotypes

Front 60

Describe how sex linked traits are inherited

Back 60

The mom carries them on the X chromosome, more common in males

Front 61

Genotype + Environment = ???

Back 61

Phenotype

Front 62

Why don't linked genes assort independently

Back 62

1. Sometimes alleles on the same chromosome are inherited together

2. If they are close together on the same chromosome, more likely to be inherited together

Front 63

What are Darwin's most important observations?

Back 63

-Similar traits exhibited by different species

-Similar between the fossils of extinct species and living species in the same area