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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hematocrit Level. In Humans?
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Ratio of Plasma to Blood cell
55 Plasma 45 Blood Cell |
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Anemia
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Loss of Red Blood Cell
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Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Fatigue
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Sickle Cell Anemia (3)
Normal? Abnormal? |
-Inherited adaptation to malaria
Normal is Glutamate Abnormal is Valine in the 6th AA in the 200 AA chain |
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Ss
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S is Normal Hemoglobin
s is Sickle cell Ss- Heterozygous/incomplete dominance. Will experience some effects of the disease |
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Sickel Cells (3)
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Break Easily, Block blood vessels, Sticky
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Penicious Anemia
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Lack of Vitamin B 12
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Aplastic Anemia
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Bone marrow does not produce RBC as a result of chemotherapy for Cancer.
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Erythrocyte
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-Transport of gas
-Control pH of blood stream |
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Leukocyte Types
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Granulocytes - Cells with granules
Agranulocytes - Cells w/o Granules |
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Granules
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Lysosome -Vacuoles filled w/ Digestive Enzymes
- Vesicles filled w/ histamine |
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Histology
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Study of Tissue
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Basophil (3)
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-Granules filled w/ histamine
-Cause Allergic Reactions -Phagocytosis- Consumes foreign Bacteria |
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Histamine
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Secreted to make you feel bad
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Eosinophil (2)
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- Fights Parasite
- Granules are Lysosomes |
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Neutrophil(2)
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- Most numerous of the WBC
- 2nd line of defense against infection |
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Monocyte (2)
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- Convertible- Round in Blood, Macrophage outside
- Stimulates Immune Response |
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Lymphocyte
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- Specific Immune Response
- T cells - Processed by Thalymus Gland - B-cells - Come from Bones |
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All WBC comes from _____
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Bones
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AIDS
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Knocks out T-cells so there is no immune response
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NK cells
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Natural Killer Cells
-Any infected cell will display itself and will be attacked by T-cells and NKcells. |
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1 Word for Osmotic Pressure
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Suction
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Capillary Blood Flow
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Arterial End has high bp and forces Fluid Out
Venous End has low bp and Sucks Fluid In |
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% of fluid that goes back into capillary and % that stays out
What happens to % that stays out? |
70% is sucked back in, 30% stays out
Picked up by lymphatic system |
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Lymph Node
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Filters for fluids returning to tissue
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Chemotherapy
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Therapy that kills Cancer
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External Respiration
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Gas exchange w/ Atmosphere
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Internal Respiration
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Gas exchange between Blood and Cells
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Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis - Breakdown of Glucose to make ATP
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Phylum Arthropod
Class Insectas Respiration Method? |
Breaths by
Tracheal Tubes - External Resp |
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Hemolymph
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Blood of Insects - DOES NOT carry O2 & CO2
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Fish use Gills for __(2)___
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External Respiration
Osmoregulation |
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Amphibian
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Positive Pressure Breathing
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Reptiles
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Positive Pressure Breathing
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Mammal
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Negative Pressure Breathing
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Inhalation (3)
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-Ribs Rise
-Diaphragm Flatten -Volume Increases & Pressure decreases so air is sucked in |
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Exhalation (3)
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-Ribs go down
-Diaphragm goes up - Volume Decreases & Pressure increases to push air out |
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1 Atm
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760 torr
760 mm Hg 76 cm Hg 29.9 inch Hg |
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Composition of Atmosphere
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79% = N2
20% = O2 1% = all others CO2 = 0.02% |
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Amount of O2 in Blood Stream at Alvioli
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less than 20mm Hg
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Distance between Alveoli & Capillary
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1mm
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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Catalyzes interconversion of CO2&H2O into H+ and HCO3-
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Chloride Shift
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HCO3- leaves cell and Cl- comes in
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Travel of CO2 in Blood Stream
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7% as dissolved Gas
13% Attached to Hemoglobin 80% travels as Bicarbonate |
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Excretion of Single Cell Organisms
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Removal of ammonia NH3
TOXIC! |
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Excretion of Higher organisms
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Convert NH3 into Uric Acid/Urea
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Malphagian Tube
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Insect Gut
Does the work of our Kidney Sorts, saves, and gets rid of wastes |
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Insect Exoskeloton
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Water Proof
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Formation of NH3
(Place?) |
Takes Place in the Liver
Amino acid --> Carbon --> NH3 Carbon --> Sugar NH3 --> Urea |
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Functions of Kidney (5)
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1) Remove Waste Products
2) Produce Calcitirol 3) Controls Salt-water Balance 4) Maintains Blood Pressure 5) Makes ErythroProtein to Produce RBC |
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Nephrons
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Each Kidney is made up of 1 million of these
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Kidney Workload (3)
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Filters 1800L blood/day
Filters out 180L of Fluid Reabsorbs 178L |
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Layers of Kidney
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Renal Cortex
Renal Medula Renal Papilla & Pelvis |
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Where most of Kidney's work is Done
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Renal Pyramid
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Minor & Major Calyx
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Renal Papilla releases waste into Minor Calyx
Minor Calyxs gather to form Major Calyx |
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Glomerular Filtration
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Creates a plasma-like Filtrate of the blood
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Tubular Reabsorbtion
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Removes useful Solutes from Filtrate & Returns them to Blood
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Tubular Secretion
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Removal of Material from Blood to Urine
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Kidney Water Conservation
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Removes H2O from Urine and returns to Blood
- Concentrating Wastes |
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Occurs in PCT
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Proxima Convoluted Tube
-Tubular Reabsorbtion |
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Occurs in DCT
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Distal Convoluted Tube
- Tubular Secretion |
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Glomerulus? Made Of?
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Functions in Glomerular Filtration
- Made of capillaries |
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Podocytes
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Cells with feet on Glomerulus.
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Lamina Densa
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Layer of protein in Glomerulus
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Aquaporins
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ADH works on cells of collecting ducs to form these protons to make cell membrane more permeable
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Filtrate does not include ___(4)
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large molecules
-RBC -WBC -Protein -Lipids |
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What drives filtrate through Kidney filter?
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Blood Pressure drives fluid through Glomerulus
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What are affected by SGLT, and transported back to the PCT? (5)
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Na+
Cl- Sugar Water Bicarbonate |
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Transport Maxima
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Kidney will reabsorb material as fast as it can.
Whatever it cannot absorb will go into urine. |
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Glucophage
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Helps to lower blood sugar
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Renal Threshold for Sugar
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125mg/min
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Renin Angio Tensin System
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-Controls Blood Pressure
-Not involved with osmotic Pressure - |
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What happens when you eat salt?
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Causes your body to conserve water, and your BP goes up
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What will happen if you don't have Adaquate blood pressure?
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Kidney Failure
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What is Juxtaglomecular Apparatus? What does it do?
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Structure near the Glomerutus.
- Checks on BP |
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What triggers the release of Angiotensinogen? Where is it made?
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Renin triggers the release
-Made in the Liver |
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What organ converts Angiotensinogen I into Angiotensinogen II?
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Lungs
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Functions of AngioTensinogen (3)
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1) Makes you Thirsty
2) Triggers release of ADH 3) Release of Aldosterone, which operates on pumps to retain more sodium |
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High BP could be a result of too much ______?
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Renin
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Condensation of Dehydration Synthesis
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Removal of water to form a molecule.
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Hydrolysis
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Addition of water to break a molecule
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How many Amino Acids are used for human nutrition?
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20 different R groups for 20 Different nutrients
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Hydrolitic Enzymes Break Method
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Breakdown molecules by adding water
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Amylase breaks ______ and _____ Bonds
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Carbohydrates, Glycosidic Bonds
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Peptidase breaks ______ and _____ Bonds
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Protein, Peptide Bonds
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Lipase breaks ______ and _____ Bonds
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Lipids, Esther Bones
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Membrane Permeability is directly proportional to _____?
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Amount of unsaturated fatty acids
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Lipase breakage liberates what? (2)
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3 Fatty acids
1 Glycerole |
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Intracellular Digestion
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Digestion inside of the cell itself
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Gastro-Vascular Cavity
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Cavity for Digestion and Secretion inside jellyfish, or Hydra
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Phylum Nematida
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Unsegmented Roundworms that has a Complete Digestive Tract
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Ascaris Lumbricoides (3)
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-Major intestinal parasite in 3rd world countries.
-Breaks down lung tissues and digestive tract. -Makes body more prone to pnemonia and infection |
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Mammal Dentition and Jaw?
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We have specific dentition
We have Mandible - 1 bone Jaw |
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How do Herbivores digest Cellulose?
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Fermentation - Use of bacteria to breakdown Cellulose.
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How does Cow digest?
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Cow has 4 chambered stomach
One is called Rumen which holds 40-50 gallons of water for Fermentation |
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Products of Fermentation?
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VFA - Volatile Fatty Acids
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Characteristic of Carnivore Stomach
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It can expand. A lion's stomach can hold up to 20lbs of food.
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Parts of Small Intestine
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Duodenum
Jujunum ilium |
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Parts of Large Intestine (Colon)(5)
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Cecum
Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Rectum |
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What percent of digestion occurs in Small Intestine
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97% - 98%
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Stomach can only absorb_____ (3)
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Caffiene, Water, Alcohol
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What does Large Intestine Absorb?(3)
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H2O
Vitamin K Vitamin B |
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Large intestine of Rabbits/Birds/Other Mammals
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They cannot absorb Vitamins
- Some eat their feces to absorb vitamins |
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What pH is Salivary Amylase?
What does it do? |
6-7
Breaks down Starch |
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Chief Cells
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Produces Pepsin(Peptidase) To break down Protein
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Parietal Cells
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Produces HCl pH 2
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G-Cells (2)
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-Stimulate Chief & Parietal Cells
-Stimulate Stomach contraction to Churn Food |
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What covers the Pepsin Enzyme?
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Cap called Zymogen.
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What removes the cap to reveal the active site?
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HCl in the stomach.
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How does stomach produce HCl
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Carbon Anhydrase, converts CO2 and H2O into H+ and HCO3-
H+ and HCO3- goes out. Chloride shift, H+ and Cl- mix for HCl |
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What controls the 3 cells of the stomach?
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Vagus nerve
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Villa
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Found in small intestine to increase SA
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Plicae Circularis
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Folds in Duodnum to expand SA
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Small extentions on villa called?
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Micro Villa
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Rush Boarder Enzyme Found in? Functions in?
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Digestive Enzyme found on Micro Villa surface
- Breaks Dissacharides into Monosacharides - Breaks Proteins into Single Amino Acid or Dipeptides |
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CO2 + Hemoglobin = ?
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Carboxy Amino Hemoglobin
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What are the water soluble Nutrients (3) and where do they go?
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Carbs Lipids Proteins, Absorbed by capillaries and sent to Liver
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Where do Fat Soluble Nutrients go?
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Goes to Lacteal, then to Blood Stream, then Liver
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What is the x in the Villous?
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Venule
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What is pH of stomach? Sm Intestine? and how is it regulated?
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pH stomach = 2 Sm Int = 8
Regulated by secretion of Bile and Sodium Bicarbonate |
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What happens when Food enters Duodenum?
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It sends out 3 hormones for assistance.
- Secretin - CholeCystoKinase (CCK) - G.I.P - Gastric Inhibitory Peptide |
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Secretin (2)
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-Releases NaHCO3 to neutralize Acid.
- Slows down delivery of Food by Stomach |
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CholeCystoKinase (2)
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-Cause Gall Bladder to release Bile
-Cause Pancreas to secrete Digestive Enzyme |
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G.I.P
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Gastric Inhibitory peptide
-Slows down stomach |
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What molecules cannot go through Pump?
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1) Lipids
2) No peptide greater than (3) |
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What % of H2O Absorbed by PCT?
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60%
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What group found in Glycosidic Bond?
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2 OH Groups
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What group of Peptide Bond?
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Amino Carboxy Group
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Gastrin (2)
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Stimulates Chief & Parietal Cells
Stimulates muscles of stomach to Churn Food |
