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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binary Fission
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-asexual reproduction by division of one cell body into 2 equal parts.
-Prokaryotes -Begins with DNA replication which starts at the origin site and proceeds around the circular DNA to a specific site of termination |
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Mitosis
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-cell division in which each daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes (therefore the same genetic info) as the parent cell.
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Meiosis
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cell division in which each daughter cell receives 1/2 the # of chromosomes as the parent cell (one of each homologous pair)
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somatic cell
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body cell, diploid #
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Gamete
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sex cells-haploid #
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role of mitosis
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-multicellularity
-replacement of cells -repair -asexual reproduction vegetative reproduction-in plants |
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Mitotic divisions-
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
-Interphase: G1-Gap1 (Growth)
S-synthesis (replication of DNA) G2-Gap 2 (Growth) -Prophase:centrioles split nuclear envelope disappears spindle apparatus forms DNA condenses Nucleolus disappears -Metaphase:chromosomes align in center of cell along metaphase plate -Anaphase:centromeres divide sister chromatids move away from eachother & are pulled to opposite poles as attached microtubules shorten -Telophase:spindle appartus disassembles and nuclear membrane begins to reform |
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histones
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protein in which DNA wraps around (5)
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nucleosome
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-packaging unit of eukaryotic chromosomes
-a complex of DNA and histone proteins in which double-helical DNA winds around 8 molecules of histone:chromatin is composed of long sequences of nucleosomes |
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Karyokenesis
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formation of 2 daughter nuclei
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Cytokinesis
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formation of cell plate
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Phases of Meiosis I
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Prophase:nuclear envelope breaks down, homologues pair in synapsis, crossing over occurs
-Metaphase:nuclear envelope has dispersed and microtubules form a spindle and each joined pair of homologues line up on metaphase plate -Anaphase:chromosomes go towards poles -Telophase: chromosomes have segregated into clusters at each pole and nuclear membran reforms around each daughter nucleus |
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Phases of Meiosis II
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-resembles normal mitotic division except at the end, each of the 4 haploid cells contain only one set of chromosome instead of 2 sets.
Anaphase-seperation of sister chromatids |
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allele
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gene variation for a trait
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Mendel's laws
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-Law of segregation:2 copies of genes get segregated during formation of sex cells
-Law of Dominance:dominant allele will show -Law of independent assortment:genes located on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently of one another |
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Monohybrid
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cross of individuals heterozygous for one trait Pp x Pp
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Genotype
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genetic makeup
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phenotype
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-expression of genotype (what you see)
-ratio is 3:1 |
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Homozygous
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PP=homozygous dominant
pp=homozygous recessive |
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Heterozygous
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2 different alleles- Pp
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Dihybrid cross
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each individual is heterozygous for 2 traits
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Contradictions of Mendel
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-Incomplete Dominance: the p generation and F1 will appear in F2 generation with a ration of 1:1:2. Crossed individuals homozygous whote and red and you get pink.
-codominance-no dominance, they are all expressed, no incomplete dominance-blood type -multiple alleles |
