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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is an animal?
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-heterotrophs that obtains nutrients by ingestion
- multi cellular eukaryote - most are diploid - most have muscles for movement - most have nerve cells to conduct impulses - some new development genes for animals |
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earliest fossils?
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~600 million years ago (cambrian period)
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during cambrian period 545 years ago, there was an explosion of evolution in a ten year period
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alskgj
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reasons for cambrian explosion of evolution?
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-change in atmosphere
-predator prey relationships -genetic changes in HOX genes |
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sponges (porifera)
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- about 9,000 species
- radial symmetry - suspension feeders |
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cnidarians
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- radial symmetry
- incomplete digestive system - digestion - circulation - physical support and movement - cnidocytes (stinging cells) |
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bilateral symmetry
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- anterior and posterior end
- dorsal and ventral surfaces - head is prominent part of animal -houses main sensory organs (eyes, brain, mouth) -nervous system (head and sensory organs branching throughout body) - active and travel headfirst through environment |
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flatworms
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-bilateral symmetry
-complete digestive tract -subgroups: -freeliving- planaria -flukes- parasites- schistosoma -tapeworms- parasitic- no digestive tract, absorb nutrients directly through body. each segment has male and female parts for reproduc. |
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body cavity
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-psuedocoleumn- not completely lined by tissues from the mesoderm
-coleumn- completely lined by tissues from the mesoderm- connect and suspend organs and digestive tract from body wall. -advantages: hydroskeleton provides structure for muscles to exert force for movement. cushions organs. may circulate oxygen and nutrients and assist in waste disposal. |
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roundworms
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-cuticle
-complete digestive tract - psuedocolumn - most numerous in number of species and individuals. - C.Elegans Trichinella Spiralis |
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mollusks
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-150,000 known species
- foot, visceral mass, mantle, radula - true coleumn - circulatory system |
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Gastropods (subgroup of Mollusk)
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-lack a mantle
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bivalves
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-shelves divided into two halves
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cephalopods
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-built for speed and agility
- no shell, internal shell or, small shell |
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segmented body
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-subdivision of body along length into series of repeated parts
-allows great flexibility and mobility |
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annelids
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-segmented body
-about 15,000 species -examples: earthworms, leaches, polychaetes |
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arthropods
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-means jointed appendages
-about 1 million species -about 10^18 individuals -exoskeleton -hard external skeleton: made up of protein and chitin, for protection, also points of attachment for muscles. -requires molting for changing of exoskeleton -distinct segments- head, thorax, abdomen (head and thorax may combine to make a cephathorax) |
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echinoderms
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-sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins
-all marine -no segments -most radial symmetrical (have bilateral larvae stage that differentiates them from cnidarians) -spiny -endoskeleton -water vascular system -can regenerate lost limbs |
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chordata
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-four distiguishing features- dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharengial slits, post anal tail.
-invertebrate chordates- tunicates, lancelets - vertebrates -skull and backbone -most have hinged jaws (except agnatians) |
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chondrichthyes
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-cartilagenous fishes
-sharks, rays and skates -flexible skeletons -most are predators -lateral line system (nerves running along side of body that sense pressure changes in water) |
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osteichthyes
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-bony fishes
-lateral line system -keen sense of smell -excellent eyesight -operculum (protective flap that covers gills) -swim bladder- keeps bouyant -most are ray finned fishes -lobe finned fish- coelacanth -lungfishes- inhabit stagnant waters, gulp air into lungs connected to pharnyx |
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amphibians
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-mixture of aquatic and terrestrial life
-adults can live on land, but eggs would dry out -about 4,800 species -first terrestrial vertebrates -transition from fish about 400MYA -dominated in Carboniferous forests |
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reptiles
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-about 6500 species
-lizards, snakes, turtles, crocidiles -scaly skin (keratin waterproofs) -amniotic eggs (nourished by yolk) -ectothermic -dinosaurs- dominated 200MYA, fade 70MYA, mass extinct 65MYA |
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birds
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-8600 species
-adaptations for flight: -no teeth -tail supported by a few vertebrate -hollow feathers -bones have honeycomb structure for light strength -flight feathers shape wings into airfoil -large breast muscles tied to a keel like breastbone -high metabolism -efficient circulatory system -best vision of all vertebrates -relatively large brains |
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mammals
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-evolved from reptiles 220MYA
-became more diverse after dinosaurs -most terrestrial -1,000 species fly, 80 swim. -endothermic -hair, mammary glands |
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monotreme(division of mammal)
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-egg laying mammals (duck billed platypus)
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marsupials (division of mammals)
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-brief gestation
-born tiny -complete development attached to mother's nipple. -developing young usually protected in external pouch. - nearly all in C. S. America, New Zealand and Australia |
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eutherians
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-95% of 4500 species of mammals
-strong connection between mother and young through placenta |
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earliest primates?
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65MYA
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2 groups of primates
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-prosimians-lemurs and loris
-anthropoids (humans and monkeys) -may have evolved from prosimians 45 MYA |
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old world monkeys
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-some arboreal and some ground dwelling
-nostrils close together, some with hard seat pad. |
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new world monkeys
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-all arboreal
-nostrils wide open and farther apart -many with prehensile tail |
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humans probably diverged with chimpanzees 5-7MYA
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apes
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-closest relatives of humans
-no tail -forelimbs longer than hindlimbs -chiefly vegetarians (chimpanzees eat insects and small vertebrates) -larger brains relative to monkeys -biochemical evidence that chimpanzee and gorilla more closely related to humans than other apes -human DNA differs from chimpanzee DNA by only 3% |
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gibbons
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-only entirely arboreal apes
-only apes that are monogamous |
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orangutan
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-shy solitary species from Borneo and Sumatra
-largest living arboreal mammal |
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gorilla
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-largest of all primate species
-walk on knuckles |
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chimpanzee and bonobos
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-knuckle walkers
-make and use simple tools -raid other groups of their same species |
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humans 5major differences
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-increased brain size (3X larger than ancestors 6MYA)
-shorter jaws, flatter faces -bipedal posture -reduced size between sexes -key changes in family structure |
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upright posture origins
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hominids in forests which may have made entering the savannah easier.
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enlargement of human brain?
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2.5MYA
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homo habilus
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-existed for about a million years with Australopithecines
-found simple tools useful -scavenging, gathering and hunting -may have given rise to homo erectus |
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homo erectus
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-(1.8MYA-500,000YA)
-taller than habilus and larger brain -males about 1.2x size of females -may have been start of monogamy -first to spread out of africa to asia and europe about 1.8 MYA -lived in huts, wore clothes from skins -gave rise to homo sapiens |
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neanderthals
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-europe (200,000 to 40,000 years ago)
-short and stocky, heavily muscled -skilled tool makers -participated in rituals that required abstract thought |
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homo sapiens origins
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-may have originated 100,000 years ago
-second wave of H.Erectus led to H.Sapiens |
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highlights of h. sapiens evolution
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-evolution of erect stance (remodeling of foot, pelvis and vertebral column)
-enlargement of brain -prolonged prenatal care |
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1st major stage of cultural evolution
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-scavenging main way of accessing food
-hunting not feasible until 50,000 years ago with invent of tools -may have caused extinction of large numbers of predators and prey -started divisions of labor and semi permanent living establishments |
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2nd major stage of cultural evolution
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-10,000-15,000 years ago
-more intensive agricuture, populations grew -permanent settlements and first cities arose -specialization of labor |
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3rd major stage of cultural evolution
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-industrial revolution in Europe in 18th centur
-mediciines reduced death rate -fewer needed for farming, moved to cities |
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digestion
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-food and drink are swallowed- swallowing causes reflex that closes the trachea and opens the esophagus- food moves down with peristalsis- stomach secretes gastric juices that start digestion-partially digested food moves into small intestine- what passes through small intestine goes into colon and rectum- what was absorbed by stomach and s. intest moves into liver
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gastric juice components
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mucus, enzymes and strong acids.
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small intestine
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-6.5 meters long, but only 2.5cm in diameter
-most nutrients are absorbed in small intestine -large surface area due to many folds (villi) and projects at the tip of epipethelial cells (microvilli) -blood from small intestine goes into liver |
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liver
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-stores glucose as glycogen and maintains glucose/blood concentration
-detoxifies toxins |
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ethanol digestion
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-some ethanol can be absorbed through stomach lining (ethanol is bipolar)
-in stomach are enzymes that break down alcohol -blood from stomach goes to liver -ethanol that dissolves into the epithelial cells is also broken down by detoxifying enzymes. -ethanol that wasn't broken down in epethilial cells and stomach is broken down here |
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what affects BAC?
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-amount of alcohol
-activity of enzymes in epethelial layer and liver -food consumed -gender (women have less body water and lower activity of ADH) |
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effects of alcohol consumption?
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-fat and protein accumulation in liver leading to hepatocytes that can lead to necrosis and fibrosis
-enhanced chance of cancer -reduceds quality of sleep -memory impairment -brain shrinkage -alters reproductive hormones -lower calcium levels |
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muscle contraction and movement
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signal from brain passes down spinal cord to nuerons with axons that pass out of the spinal cord that attach to muscle fibers (nueromuscular junctions)-triggers release of NT (acetylcoline)
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trigger salivation
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chemicals in the air are taken in through the nose and mixed with mucus in the back of the nose- chemicals bind to cilia that penetrate mucus layer- changes pattern of nerve impulses which the brain interprets as a smell
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salivation
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-salivary glands secrete saliva at the sight or smell of food (1L/day)
-slippery glycoprotein that protects inside of mouth -buffered to nuetralize food acids -antibacterial agents that kill bacteria -contains digestive enzymes |
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taste buds
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-group of sensory cells with proteins in their membranes that interact with chemicals in foods.
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cones
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-stimulated by bright light and distinguish color
-6 million in retina |
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rods
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-extremely sensitive to light and enable us to see in dim light
-about 125 million in retina -found primarily in retina, completely absent from fovea |
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rhodopsin
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rods
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photopsins
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cones
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color blindness
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-due to a defeciency in cones
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neurotransmitters
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-generally small nitrogen containing molecules
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