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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does CO2 enter a leaf?
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stomata
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Where are chloroplasts located in the leaf?
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Mesophyll
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Chlorophyll is found in which part of the chloroplast?
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thylakoids
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Name the various photosynthetic pigments in the chloroplast.
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Chlorophyll, Phycocyanin, Carotenoids
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Replacement of electrons for photosystem 2
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H20
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What does the electron transport system of photosystem 2 produce?
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ATP
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What is produced by the light - dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
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ATP, NADPH, O2
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Where does the O2 released in photosynthesis come from?
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H2O
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Which part of photosynthesis results in the production of ATP?
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photosystem 2
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In general, is the C3 or C4 pathway more efficient?
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C3
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In dry conditions is the C3 or C4 pathway more efficient?
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C4
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What occurs in the Calvin - Benson cycle?
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carbon fixation, synthesis of G3P, regeneration of RuBP
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What is the primary function of the Calvin - Benson cycle?
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production of simple sugars
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What combines with CO2 initially in the C4 cycle?
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PEP
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Flow of electrons.
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H2O -> photosystem 2 -> photosystem 1 -> NADPH
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Where do the carbons from the glucose molecule end up at the end of gylcolysis?
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pyruvic acid
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What is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?
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gylcolysis
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Complete anaerobic metabolism of glucose results in what?
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CO2 and ethanol or lactic acid
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Net gain of ATP during gylcolysis.
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2
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Which event of respiration occur in the cytoplasm?
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Gylcolysis
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Where do champagne bubbles come from?
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yeast ferment glucose and produces CO2
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How much ATP is produced during fermentation of 1 glucose molecule?
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2
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Products of fermentation.
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CO2 and ethanol or lactic acid
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In which step of cellular respiration is oxygen used?
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electron transport
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Movement of electrons down concentration gradient is used to produce what?
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ATP
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Name the electron carrier molecules.
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FADH2 and NADH
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What is the result of chemiosmosis?
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production of ATP
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What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
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O2
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What does oxygen combine with in the matrix What does it form?
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e-, H+ and H20
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In terms of energy production, is cellular respiration or fermentation more efficient?
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cellular respiration
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What are the bases of DNA?
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A G C T
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In DNA structure, what makes up the rungs of the "ladder"?
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bases
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Which bases are equal to each other in amount?
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A=T C=G
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If you have a DNA molecule with 40% cytosine, what percentage of the bases would be adenine?
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10%
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Structure of nucleotide.
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sugar, phosphate, base
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Rules of base pairing.
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A-T C-G
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Relationship between DNA, a gene, and a chromosome.
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a chromosome is composed of hundreds of genes which are composed of DNA
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Type of bond that holds together base pairs.
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hydrogen bond
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DNA backbone.
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sugar- phosphate- sugar- phosphate
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Why is Watson - Crick base-pairing important?
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ensures an exact copy of DNA
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What is meant by semi-conservative replication?
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daughter strands have one old and one new strand
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What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?
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DNA, polymerase, ligase, helicase
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What do you call a random change in DNA sequence?
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mutation
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Does the rules of base-pairing guarantee no mistakes in replication?
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No
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What is the leading strand?
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continuous
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what is the lagging strand?
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fragmented
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What do the sequences of bases on a DNA molecule determine?
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amino acids in protein molecule
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What do genes code for?
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all proteins, RNA's
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How does DNA information get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
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mRNA
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what does mRNA carry?
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information
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which base is found in RNA and not DNA?
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uracil
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Similarities of DNA and RNA
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phosphate, sugar (diff), base ( U and T diff.)
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How many mRNA bases specify an amino acid?
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3
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How many possible condons?
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64
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How many condons for each amino acid?
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61
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Definition of transcription
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DNA -> RNA
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Definition of translation
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RNA -> protein
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What is a transcription start signal?
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promoter
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What is a condone? anticodon?
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3 base sequence
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Where does transcription occur?
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nucleus
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Where does translation occur?
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cytoplasm
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Where does replication occur
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nucleus
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Where does protein synthesis take place?
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ribosomes
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Which type of mutation would be considered the least serious? most serious?
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bases substitution, insertion or deletion
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which type of mutation results in a change in the reading frame?
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insertion or deletion
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What is Barr body?
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condensed X chromosome
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Function of mRNA
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codes for protien
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Function of tRNA
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carries proper amino acid
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Function of rRNA
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combines with protein to form ribosome
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