Bio Test 2 Notes

Front 1

chemoreceptors
what

Back 1

the receptors for taste and smell

Front 2

chemoreceptors
respond to

Back 2

chemicals dissolved in aqueous solution

Front 3

tastes

Back 3

compliment each other and respond to many of the same stimuli

Front 4

smell responds to

Back 4

air-borne chemicals that dissolve in fluids coating the nasal membranes

Front 5

fungiform

Back 5

mushroom shaped (taste receptors on top)

Front 6

circumvallate

Back 6

only 7-12 of these on back of the tongue (receptors found in the epithelial side walls)

Front 7

receptor (gustatory cell)

Back 7

taste cell

Front 8

supporting cell

Back 8

form the bulk and give rise to taste cells/receptor cells

Front 9

basal cell

Back 9

divide and differentiate into support cells

Front 10

gustatory cells are replaced every

Back 10

7-10 days

Front 11

taste sensations (5+ex)

Back 11

-sweet (sugar and alcohols)
-sour (acids)
-salty (metal ions)
-bitter (alkaloids: caffeine and nicotine) and asprin
-umami- amino acid glutamate (beef aging cheese)

Front 12

most taste buds respond to # of sensations

Back 12

2, to create their special bouquet of flavor

Front 13

taste: receptor activation

Back 13

dissolved chemicals contact the hairs inside the taste cell's pore, these sensory dendrites trigger a generator potential and that creates an AP of one of the CN (VII IX or X) and they transmit to the thalamus and to the gustatory cortex in the parietal lobes

Front 14

taste is __% smell

Back 14

80%

Front 15

the mouth also contains:

Back 15

thermoreceptors, nociceptors and mechanoreceptors

Front 16

olfactory receptors

Back 16

pseudostratified epithelum in the roof of the nasal cavity contain millions of bowling pin shaped cells as the receptors

Front 17

olfactory receptors are surrounded by

Back 17

support cells, and basal cells

Front 18

cilia extend from the olfactory hair which is where the

Back 18

bipolar neuron's dendrite end

Front 19

cilia are

Back 19

covered by mucus to trap the molecules of airborne odorants

Front 20

glossopharengeal

Back 20

back 1/3 of tounge

Front 21

facial

Back 21

anterior 2/3 of tongue

Front 22

vagous

Back 22

epiglotis and pharynx

Front 23

smell receptor activation

Back 23

odorant enter nassal cavity, dissolves in mucous of epithelium which stimulates the receptors producing a potential -> AP to the olfactory bulb, which transmits to the thalamus and the olfactory cortex

Front 24

smell receptors are replaced

Back 24

every 60 days

Front 25

# of tastes
# of smells

Back 25

100,000
10,000

Front 26

smells are also associated with danger

Back 26

coughing, sneezing, or getting away. or can also stimulate the appetite, good cooking

Front 27

___% of all the sensory receptors in the body are in the eyes

___% of the cerebral cortex is involved in some aspect of visual processing

Back 27

70%

50%

Front 28

this surrounds the eyeball within the socket for protection

Back 28

fat pad

Front 29

hypothyroidism

Back 29

when the fat in the eye socket becomes fibrous

Front 30

eyelids: moved by

Back 30

obicularis oculi, and the levator palpedrae

Front 31

eye lids: function

Back 31

protects eyes by blinking, and moves lubricants across the eye

Front 32

tunics of the eye

Back 32

fibrous (dense avascular)

Front 33

sclera

Back 33

posterior 'white of the eye', anchor for the muscles to attach and counter acts internal pressure, maintains shape of eye

Front 34

cornea: what

Back 34

covers iris and pupil, is clear and lets light in

Front 35

cornea: functions

Back 35

protection, is well innervated which stimulates us to blink

**has an extraordinary capacity to regenerate

Front 36

conjunctiva
-palpebral
-bulbar

Back 36

lines the eyelids and anterior surface of the eye, produces lubricating mucous to help prevent the eye from drying out

Front 37

lacrimal apparatus

Back 37

gladular fluid contains mucous, antibodies, and lysozyme (bacteria killer) cleans eye and is connected to emotions

Front 38

vascular tunic of the eye

Back 38

Uvea, the middle layer:
-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris

Front 39

choroid

Back 39

posterior 5/6: provides nutrients to the tunics. brown pigment from melanocytes to absorb scattered light

Front 40

ciliary body

Back 40

anterior 1/6: smooth muscles that control lens shape

Front 41

the iris:

Back 41

has two muscle layers:
-circular
-radial

Front 42

circular

Back 42

constriction (parasympathetic)

flight or fight

Front 43

radial

Back 43

dilation (sympathetic)

Front 44

iris color

Back 44

contains only brown pigment:
-large amount=brown black eyes
-little amount=blue green hazel

Front 45

the color depends on

Back 45

the wavelength that is scattered from the un-pigmented portions of the eye

Front 46

black

Back 46

absorb all light

Front 47

white

Back 47

reflect all light

Front 48

the lens

Back 48

a biconvex, transparent, and avascular flexible structure adjusts its shape to allow precise focusing of incoming light to the retina

Front 49

the lens is held in place by the

Back 49

suspensory ligament

Front 50

cataracts:

Back 50

clouding of the lens (age/diabetes melitus/heavy smoking) vitamin C diminishes chances

Front 51

exophthalmos

Back 51

Graves' Disease, bulging of the eye

Front 52

glaucoma

Back 52

a group of diseases of the optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy

Front 53

vitreous humor

Back 53

the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina

first and last to be formed when you are born or die

Front 54

anterior segment

Back 54

cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens.

Front 55

posterior segement

Back 55

the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve.

Front 56

the retina (general name)

Back 56

the sensory tunic

Front 57

the retina: outer layer (3)

Back 57

-pigmented to absorb light to prevent scattering in the eye
-acts like a phagocyte
-stores vitamin A

Front 58

the retina: inner layer (3)

Back 58

neural layer where the photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cell exist

Front 59

rods (3)

main point

Back 59

more numerous, dim light, peripheral vision

more sensitive, less sharp

Front 60

cones (3)

Back 60

bright light, high acuity color vision

Front 61

color blindness

Back 61

occurs when one or more type of come is missing. sex linked trait

Front 62

visible spectrum

Back 62

400-700nm

Front 63

3x the light bends as it passes to the retina

Back 63

-entering the cornea
-entering the lens
-leaving the lens

Front 64

distance vision >20ft

Back 64

-no change in lens shape needed
-ciliary muscles relax

Front 65

close vision

Back 65

ciliary muscles contract causing lens to become more convex and the iris constrict

Front 66

excitation of the rods

Back 66

light triggers rhodopsin to breakdown, and causes a hyperpolarization of the neuron

Front 67

excitation of the cones

Back 67

combination of retinal with opsin

Front 68

the external ear

Back 68

the pinna (auricle) and the external auditory meatus

Front 69

pinna

Back 69

auricle... collects sound by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal

Front 70

external auditory meatus

Back 70

The ear canal

Front 71

inside the ear canal there are

Back 71

hairs, sebaceous and modified sweat glands

Front 72

ceruminous glands

Back 72

produce wax

Front 73

the middle ear

Back 73

the tympanic cavity is air-filled and medial to the tympanic membrane

Front 74

tympanic membrane

Back 74

eardrum

Front 75

the ossicles

Back 75

-malleus (attaches to the ear drum)
-incus
-stapes (fits into the oval window)

Front 76

the ossicles:
function

Back 76

transmit the vibratory motions of sound from the tympanic membrane which sets the fluids of the inner ear into motion

Front 77

tensor tympani

Back 77

controls the malleus

Front 78

stapedius

Back 78

controls the stapes

Front 79

loud sounds will

Back 79

stimulate the tensor tympani and the stapedius to contract and protect the ear

Front 80

bony labyrinth (3) + fluid

Back 80

filled with perilymph, contains the vestibule, cochlea and cemicircular canals

Front 81

the vestibule

Back 81

equilibrium receptors that respond to gravity and head position

Front 82

cochlea

Back 82

houses the spiral organ of corti connecting to the cochlear nerve

Front 83

semicircular canals

Back 83

equilibrium receptors

Front 84

membranous labyrinth

Back 84

-sacs and ducts that follow the contours of the bony labyrinth
-responds to a mechanical change in body position and acceleration movements

Front 85

the force on the oval window is ___x more because

Back 85

20x more because the tympanic membrane is 20x bigger

Front 86

the pressure wave from the oval window moves through the cochlea

Back 86

and causes movement of the basilar membrane

Front 87

the hairs (stereocilia) are tweaked

Back 87

causing a graded depolarization of the cochlear nerve

Front 88

inner hairs

Back 88

sensory (afferent0

Front 89

outer hairs

Back 89

motor (efferent)

Front 90

Percents:
-eruthrocytes
-leukocytes
-platelets
-plasma

Back 90

-45%
-1%
-1%
-55%

Front 91

plasma:

Back 91

90% water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, wastes, increase osmotic pressure

Front 92

functions of blood

Back 92

transportation of gases
maintaining homeostasis
protection

Front 93

volumes of blood

Back 93

5-6 in men
4-5 in women

Front 94

too few RBC's

Back 94

tissure hypoxia

Front 95

too many RBC's

Back 95

too thick of blood

Front 96

red bone marrow locations

Back 96

epiphysis and flat bones

Front 97

hemopoiesis

Back 97

controlled by erythropoietin (EPO) is produced in the kidneys and when they get hypotoxic, they accelerate their EPO release

Front 98

Erythropoietin

Back 98

stimulates the red bone marrow cells to become RBC's causing them to mature more rapidly

Front 99

stem cells

Back 99

hemocytoblast

Front 100

myeloblasts

Back 100

form eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

Front 101

monoblasts

Back 101

form monocytes

Front 102

lymphoblasts

Back 102

lymphocytes

Front 103

erythrocytes

Back 103

bioconcave shape, anucleated, with hemoglobin

Front 104

erythropoiesis needs

Back 104

B12, folic acid, iron, protein, lipids and carbohydrates

Front 105

spleen

Back 105

recycles the RBCs through macrophages, the Fe is stored.

Front 106

billirubin

Back 106

an end product from the breakdown of hemoglobin and iron

it is yellow and causes the discoloration of jaundice

Front 107

once the iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called

Back 107

transferrin

Front 108

anemia

Back 108

the name of a condition that has an abnormally low O2 carrying capacity

Front 109

causes of anemia

Back 109

1. reduction of the RBC count
2. low Hgb content
3. abnormal Hgb

Front 110

Leukocytes are found in

Back 110

loose connective tissue and lymph tissue

Front 111

leukocytes travel

Back 111

in blood vessel highways and then leap out to follow the chemical trail of damaged cells

Front 112

diapedesis

Back 112

the leaping out of WBC's

Front 113

cytoplasmic extensions

Back 113

amoeboid motion through the connective tissue

Front 114

leukocyte values:
-normal
-leukocytosis
-leukopenia

Back 114

~4-11 thou
~ >11 thou
~ < 4 thou

Front 115

neutrophils

Back 115

granules are lysosomes (hydrolytic enzymes) and defensins (antibiotic proteins)

chemically attracted to inflammatory sites, going after the bateria

Front 116

eosinophils

Back 116

granules are phagocytic for allergies, and have enzymes to digest parasites

Front 117

basophills

Back 117

help cause the release of histamine

Front 118

lymphocytes

Back 118

T cells attack virus infected cells and tumor cells
B cells produce antibodies

Front 119

monocytes

Back 119

actively phagocytic, attack viruses and bcterial parasites

high in chronic infections and activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Front 120

thrombocytes

Back 120

fragments of the megakarycytes, essential for the clotting process

Front 121

hemostasis

Back 121

what blood is doing to stop a rupture