• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/303

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

303 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
if ATP energy can be produced by glycolysis and Kreb's cycle, then why run the electron transport chain?
It yields a huge payoff in ATP energy, 32 ATP.
Why do we breathe oxygen?
It is the final electron acceptor and without it, the ETC can't run.
Where do free oxygen radicals come from?
If hydrogen doesn't bind to oxygen, a free radical is produced (oxygen plus electrons)
What is brown fat and how does it work?
- special fat cells in which ATP synthase shuts off.
- H+ ions pass through another molecule, thermogin, release energy as heat
Why does cancer cause people to lose weight?
- cancer cells grow so fast, lack sufficient oxygen.
- glycolysis is too inefficient (only 2 ATP)
- cells can't get energy
- people lose weight
cardiovascular or circulatory system
system of pumps/tubes that circulate fluid through the body
What does Blood contain? How much do we have?
Contains Plasma and Blood cells
1-1.5 gallons
Never leaves vessels
interstitial fluid
water fluid surrounding cells. about 3 mill move around blood vessels
What drives interstitial fluid in and out of blood vessel?
pressure differences between inside/outside of blood vessel. Out of artery, back in vein
hemolymph
mix of blood/interstitual fluid, not contained in vessels.
3 parts of open circulatory system (do have hearts)
a. can't control flow
b. works only for small animals
c. body movements increase circulation
closed circulatory system (blood never leaves vessels)
a. blood travels faster in vessels
b. control flow of blood by controlling vessel diameter
c. allows higher metabolic rates and activity
respiratory pigments
proteins in blood cells that carry gases. allows blood to carry more oxygen than diffusion alone.
what is your respiratory pigment?
hemoglobin
what is the most common blood disorder?
anemia - blood carries too little 02. problem with quality not quantity.
3 important characteristics of blood vessels
a. elastic walls
b. muscles to control diameter
c. values to prevent backflow
vasoconstriction
vessels get smaller, blood pressure goes up
vasodilation
vessels get bigger, blood pressure goes down.
What happens during a heart attack?
loss of blood and oxygen to heart muscle, heart muscle dies, caused generally by coronary arteries
tissues irreversibly damaged by lack of oxygen
myocardial ifarction
tissues not dead and can be saved if oxygen (blood supply) is restored
myocardial ischemia
ischemia
problem with blood quantity, not quality
What is Coronary Bypass Surgery?
-section of blood vessel is taken from body and replaces clogged section of coronary artery of heart
procedures to remove or deal with plaques
angioplasty
What is an Angioplasty?
Procedure when plaque is blasted w/ laser
tissues not dead and can be saved if oxygen (blood supply) is restored
myocardial ischemia
ischemia
problem with blood quantity, not quality
a section of blood vessel is taken from somewhere else in the body and used to replace a clogged section of coronary artery supplying the heart
coronary bypass surgery
procedures to remove or deal with plaques
angioplasty
3 types of angioplasty
Laser: blast the plaques with laser
Balloon: inflate a balloon in the artery to open up the artery
Stent: small, hollow tube put inside an artery to hold it open
What is a Thrombus?
Blood clot inside a vessel
when a plaque or thrombus breaks free and moves to another part of the body
embolism
balloon-like bulge in a blood vessel; risk of bursting
aneurysm
disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. can be cause by ischemia due to thrombus or embolism or due to hemorrhage.
stroke
hypertension
chronic high blood pressure
(can cause heart attack, stroke, aneurysm). cause by anythng that increases blood volume)
causes of hypertension
genetics, aging, lack of sleep, too much salt
how many muscles are in the human body?
about 600
two kinds of filament in muscle
actin: thin protein
myosin: thick motor protein
no ATP is available to pump calcium away so Actin and Myosin filaments remain stuck together and muscles become rigid/stiff
rigor mortis
muscle cramps
imbalances in blood ions, dehydration, or over exertion can cause involuntary release of calcium ions.
muscle burn
accumulation of lactic acid after anaerobic respiration
what causes muscle fatigue?
calcium channels become leaky. muscle can't fully contract
What do muscle fiber types differ in?
differ in concentration of myosin
fast twitch muscle fibers
white fibers, explosive speed, no endurance. few mitochondrin. rely on anaerobic respiration so lactic acid builds up (rabbit, cheetah)
slow twitch muscle fibers
red fiber, good endurance, slower speed, many mitochondrin, rely on aerobic respiration so lasts long (wolf, swift)
three systems for generating ATP energy in muscles
1. phosphagen system: phosphate for ATP formation stored in moleculesof creatine phosphate. lasts about 10 seconds
2. glycolyctic system: use glycolysis and lactate fermentation. last about 1-2 min
3. aerobic respiration: slowest way to produce ATP, but lasts longest. up to several hours
genetic control of musculature
myostatin gene inhibits muscular development. mutations in myostatin cause excessive muscle dev.
exercise physiology
exercise doesn't make more muscle. fibers get bigger and move resistant to fatigue
endurance training
light weights, many reps, increase # of mitochondria and capillaries serving muscle.
strength training
heavy weights, few reps. makes muscle fibers thicher and promotes enzymes used in glycolisis
muscles burn fuel in this order
1. sugar
2. fats
3. proteins
skeleton
rigid body support with muscles attached
hydrostatic skeleton
fluid or air held under pressure in a closed body compartment
exoskeleton
hard skeleton on outside of body (made from protein Chitin)
endoskeleton
a hard skeleton on the inside of the body
what is cartilage made from?
collagen: protein fibers
what're bones made from?
collagen strengthened by calcium phosphate
how many bones in a human infant
about 300
how many bones in a human adult
about 200-210
why do adults have less bones than babies
bones fuse together (skull)
do men and women have different numbers of rib bones
no, most have 12 pairs
four function of bones
a. movement
b. protect internal organs
c. store calcium and phosphorus
d. produce red and white blood cells (in bone marrow)
osteoclasts
cells that secrete acids and constantly remove bone
osteoblasts
cells thats constantly rebuild bone
When you add bone mass, what process is happening? Until what age?
-osteoblasts work faster than osteoclasts
-until about age 24
whats causes osteoperosis?
produces red and white blood cells and stores fat
tendons
muscle to bone
ligaments
bone to bone
cartilage shock absorbers between the bones wear away. usually, the fingers, knees, hips, and back are the most affected.
osteoarthritis
unnatural curvature of the spine, side to side or front to back, or rotation. pain, uneven arms or breasts. thought to be controlled by genetics
scoliosis
softening of bones due to vitamin d deficiency. most common childhood disease in many developing countries
rickets
incompletely formed spine and vertabrae so spine cord sticks out of back. most common birth defect. reduced by eating leafy vegetables
spina bifida
the exchange of gases between an organism and the surrounding environment. (take in oxygen, breathe out carbon dioxide)
respiration
increasing the flow of water or air over the respiratory surfaces
ventilation
4 important points about the diffusion of gases.
a. gases must pass through liquids to get to cells
b. greater the surface area for gas exchange, the more gas can diffuse
c. diffusion depends on gas concentration and gas pressure
d. oxygen diffuses about 8,000 times faster in air than water
human alveolar surface area
1,000ft squared
what type of water holds the most dissolved oxygen?
cold, fresh
what type of water holds the least dissolved oxygen?
warm, salt
how much oxygen does water hold compared to air? why?
air holds 20 times as much dissolved oxygen as water. O2 is nonpolar, H2O is polar.
what forces drive gas into water
atmospheric pressure, hemoglobin, concentration gradients
outfoldings of the body surface that suspended in the water for gas exchange
gills
insects: spiracles
portholes on the outside of an insect's body for gas exchange
what do spiracles connect to?
tracheal system
does the open circulatory system of insects transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?
no, tracheal system touches all cells in the body
What is positive respiration? what is an example?
air pushed into lungs, then sucked out
ex. amphibians
metamorphosis
many amphibians use gills as juveniles (tadpoles or newts), lungs as adults
What is Pulmocutaneous Respiration?
respiration through the skin
birds: air sacs
have lungs, air sacs attached to lungs
What are three reasons why the Air Sac system in Birds is the most efficient respiratory system?
a. one way air flow
b. prevents mixing with old and new air.
c. reduces weight
What is negative pressure respiration? what organisms use it?
-air sucked in, then pushed out
-mammals use it
what kind of ventilation do mammals have?
tidal ventilation
how's the diaphragm work?
diaphragm down, air sucked into lungs
what's the name for the windpipe
trachia
what's the voicebox called
larynx
what's the trachea branch into
bronchi
what do the bronchi branch into
bronchioles
what do the bronchioles branch into
alveoli
how many alveoli does the average human have
300 million
where's gas exchange take place?
alveoli
does your brain tell you to breathe?
yes
how do we know when to breathe more?
when CO2 levels are too high
condition involves the involuntary contraction of the muscles and constriction of the airway; often caused by allergies or sudden temp change
asthma
irreversible degerative disease. loss of elasticity in small airways, result in small airways collapse during exhalation
emphysema
What is COPD? (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
combination of Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
ventilation to the lungs is stopped for short periods. caued by brain's inability to regulate respiration
apnea
What is SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)?
brain has trouble reading CO2 levels properly when born
inflammation of the lungs that leads to an accumulation of fluid and impairs lung function
pneumonia
virus contains genes from five different influenza viruses
H1N1
what controls breathe for aquatic animals
O2 levels
What is Emphysema?
Irreversible Degerative Disease
-loss of elasticity in small airways -small airways collapse during exhalation
combination of emphysema and chronic bonchitis
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
ventilation to the lungs is stopped for short periods. caued by brain's inability to regulate respiration
apnea
brain has trouble reading CO2 lvesls properly
SIDS sudden infant death syndrome
inflammation of the lungs that leads to an accumulation of fluid and impairs lung function
pneumonia
virus contains genes from five different influenza viruses
H1N1
what controls breathing for aquatic animals
oxygen levels
what is the deadliest infectious disease in the world
acute respiratory infection
pathogen
an infectious disease causing organism
infection
a pathogen invades a cell or multi celled organism
epidemic
a disease spreads through part of a population
pandemic
epidemic spreads through many populations at the same time
why don't pathogens kill us all?
a. we evolved with them. our immune system can kill most of them
b. they kill each other
where do antibiotics come from, why?
bacteria and fungi, b/c they compete for resources and infect eachother
prudent parasite argument
parasites shouldn't kill their hosts or else they can't be spread to other hosts
binary fission
asexual, produces 2 identical cells, can be very fast
conjugation
direct exchange of DNA through conjugation tube or sexpili
irreversible degerative disease. loss of elasticity in small airways, result in small airways collapse during exhalation
emphysema
combination of emphysema and chronic bonchitis
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is Apnea? What is it caused by?
-Ventilation to the lungs is stopped for short periods
-caused by brain's inability to regulate respiration
brain has trouble reading CO2 levels properly
SIDS sudden infant death syndrome
inflammation of the lungs that leads to an accumulation of fluid and impairs lung function
pneumonia
virus contains genes from five different influenza viruses
H1N1
what controls breathe for aquatic animals
O2 levels
what is the deadliest infectious disease in the world
acute respiratory infection
What is a pathogen?
an infectious disease causing organism
infection
a pathogen invades a cell or multi celled organism
epidemic
a disease spreads through part of a population
pandemic
epidemic spreads through many populations at the same time
why don't pathogens kill us all
a. we evolved with them, our immune system can kill most of them
b. they kill each other
where do antibiotics come from, why?
bacteria and fungi, they compete for resources and infect eachother
prudent parasite argument
parasites shouldn't kill their hosts or else they can't be spread to other hosts
binary fission
asexual, produces 2 identical cells
conjugation
direct exchange of DNA through conjugation tube or sexpili
transformation
uptake of DNA directly from the environment
transduction
transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus, used in gene therapy
endospores
bacterial spore than can survive harsh conditions (heat, radiation, drying)
bacteria either evolve by mutation or acquire from another bacterium the ability to detoxify a particular antibiotic
antibiotic resistance
symbiosis b/w bacteria and plant roots that help plants get nitrogen out of the soil
rhizobium
viruses 3 characteristics
a. 1,000 to 10,000 times smaller than bacteria
b. DNA or RNA in a protein coat
c. can't reproduce self
What are Three characteristics of the Viroids?
a. strands of RNA-no protein coat
b. pathogens of plants
c. resemble introns (noncoding regions of eukaryotic DNA)
antibiotics do or do not kill viruses
no, your immune system does
prions, infections protein 2 characteristics
a. misfolded proteins that make other proteins misfold and accumulate in brain tissue
b. resistant to boiling, baking, radiation, disinfectants
protists
single-celled eukaryotes placed in own kingdom
what're dinoflagellates
single celled protists, cause algal bloom
what's red tide
dinoflagellate population explosion. relase toxins into water that can kill fish and humans
what're algae
colonial protists, not plants
Differentiate Golden Algae from others.
diatoms give off as much oxygen every year as land plants
What is another name for brown algae? What is its function
kelp: important structure in marine ecosystems
red algae
source of agar used in jellies and cosmetics and eaten as food
green algae
sea lettuce. not a plant, but evolved into green plants
fungi diseases
mycoses
what important role do fungi play in ecosystems
decomposers in ecosystem
what is the main component of the fungal cell wall
chitin
what kills fungi
fungicides
what're hyphae
chain of connected cells
what's a mycelium
interwoven mat hyphae that forms the body of the fungus
type of nutrition fungi have
absorptive
saprobic fungi
feed on dead organisms
parasitic fungi
feed on living organisms
specialized hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes
haustoria
rapidly growing asexually reproducing fungus
mold
unicellular fungi that lives in damp places and can reproduce by budding. inhabit plant sap
yeast
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic cyanobacterial cell or a photosynthetic green algae
lichen
a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi that helps plants absorb nutrients from soil, particularly phosphorus
mycorrhizae
leaf cutter ants
fungi farmers. live symbiotically with fungi
special defenses (good, but slow)
attack only certain pathogens. cells have memory. response time could be weeks
T Cells
WBC's help control immune responses, and tell B when to divide.
B Cells
-WBC's make antibodies that attack to antigens
-Each B cell makes antibody for one kind of antigen.
antibodies
proteins that bind to antigens and signal other cells to attack antigen
plasma cells
antibody factories, each plasma cell can produce millions of antibodies
memory cells
plasma cells that remain dormant until same antigen is found in the body again
what're immunodeficiency diseases
diseases in which the immune system itself is attacked
how does HIV (AIDS) virus work?
destroys T cells
what happens if you don't have enough T cells
no plasma cells. no memory cells
cells surface proteins that mark cells as self or nonself. if not your cells, they will be attacked and destroyed by your immune system
Mhc proteins
what're autoimmune disorders?
system attacks own cells
T Cells
WBC's help control immune responses, and tell B when to divide.
What are B-cells? What makes them unique?
-WBC's that make antibodies that attack to antigens
-B cell makes one kind of antibody for one kind of antigen.
antibodies
proteins that bind to antigens and signal other cells to attack antigen
plasma cells
antibody factories, each plasma cell can produce millions of antibodies
memory cells
plasma cells that remain dormant until same antigen is found in the body again
what're immunodeficiency diseases
diseases in which the immune system itself is attacked
how does HIV (AIDS) virus work?
destroys T cells
what happens if you don't have enough T cells
no plasma cells. no memory cells
cells surface proteins that mark cells as self or nonself. if not your cells, they will be attacked and destroyed by your immune system
Mhc proteins
what're autoimmune disorders? 3 examples
system attacks own cells

1. multiple sclerosis
2. type 1 diabetes
3. graves' disease
how do vaccines work
-dead pathogens or antigens are injected into body
-don't cause disease, do stimulate memory cells
what's passive immunity
short term immunity using antibodies produced outside body
How is Snake Bite Antivenin farmed?
1. snake venom is collected, injected into horses or rabbits
2. rabbits produce antibodies for venom
3. antibodies collected/concentrated
mothers transfer some antibodies across the placenta to the developing fetus to give them protection against diseases the mother has already had; breastfeeding does this too
maternal antibodies
if traveling out of the country, you may receive antibodies prepared from the blood of other humans from that geographic area for short term protection against local diseases, like Hepatitis A
gamma globulin
What is an Allergic Reaction?
-Overproduction of antibodies
-Release of Histamines-->drop blood pressure
anaphylactic shock
whole body allergic reaction. can be fatal
what do you take if Anaphylactic Shock occurs
Adrenaline/epinephrine
What are Antigens?
-any substance that stimulates an immune response
can be pathogens, part of pathogens, or even dirt
it's a separate circulatory system that transports interstitial fluid from tcells back to the blood's circulatory system
lymphatic system
whats the function of the lymphatic system
filter pathogens and antigens from from interstitial fluid
where are white blood cells formed, where do they mature
bone marrow, thymus gland
filters out of red blood cells, produces some white blood cells, and removes pathogens and antigens your body has already attacked and killed
spleen
non specific defenses
attack any pathogen that's not recognized as self
first non specific defense against infection and disease
4 parts
a. Skin, Exoskeleton, or other body covering- prevents pathogens from entering body
b. Tears, Sweat, Saliva- have enzyme lysozyme that kills many bacteria
c. Mucus- washes pathogens away from the body
d. Stomach Acid and other acids- can kill many pathogens
natural killer cells
white blood cells that attack bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells
perforins
proteins that poke holes in pathogens
macrophages
white blood cells that can eat whole bacterial viruses
inflammation
redness, swelling, heat
produced by mast cells and imakes capillaries dilate and become leaky causing redness and swelling. antihistamines block this action
histamines
hormone produced by cells near affected area. induces fever and inflammation. aspirin blocks it
prostaglandis
why do you respond to infection or injury with inflammation
trap pathogens at path of injury immobilize joint
why do we get a fever
immune system works better at a higher temp.
glands
groups of cells organized into organs that secrete hormones
endocrine gland
secrete hormones directly into the blood or interstitial fluid
exocrine gland
ducts or tubes that lead out of the body or into the gut (sweat, salivary glands)
What are Hormones?
produced by one cell that influences the activity of other cells
target cells
able to respond to the hormone
receptors
proteins on the target cells that will bind to specific hormones
true hormones
secreted directly into blood stream (epinephrine, estrogen)
paracrine hormone
produced by one cell and moves a short distance through interstitial fluid to reach target cells.
neurohormone
secreted by nerve cells and travel in the blood stream to distant target cells (oxytocin)
pheromonen (2 examples)
compounds secreted by one individual that affect target cells in another individual

1. babies respnd positively to mom's clothes, neg to another woman's clothes
2. women who spend time together synchronize menstrual cycles
neurotransmitter
hormones secreted between nerve cells, b/w nerve cells and muscle cells, or b/w cells and glands.
hypothalamus
inside brain
oxytocin
produced after labor contractions to help a mother love her baby after childbirth, also after orgasm.
pituitary gland
near hypothalamus; stores ADH and oxytocin
endorphins
'feel good' after strenuous exercise or orgasm
What is another name for the Human Growth Hormone (HGH)? When are the biggest peaks?
somatotropin: released in peaks that occur daily. biggest peaks occur during puberty
4 roles in body (HGH)
a. increase height in children
b. increase size and strength of bones
c. increase muscle mass
d. stimulate growth of all internal organs except brain
problems with HGH
may promote growth of colon, lung, breast cancers. may increase diabetes risk
adrenal gland
on top of kidneys. produce cortisol and adrenaline, involved in stress response
adrenaline
activated by direct nerve stimulation from the brain to the adrenal glands (fast)
What is Cortisol used for? What does it result from?
-slow stress response
-produced under chronic stress
ovaries and testes
secrete the sex hormones, primarily estrogen and testosterone
testosterone
main anabolic steroid produced by the body
anabolic effects
build muscle and bone mass
What are the Androgenic Effects on the body?
responsible for maleness traits such as facial hair, deep voice, aggression
estrogen
female secondary sexual characteristics: breasts, menstrual cycle. male libido, sperm maturation.
breast cancer
about 80% of breast cancers rely on estrogen to grow so treatments involve suppression
pineal gland
in your brain. receptors are in your eyes. regulates circardian rhythms--sleep/wake cycles
what hormones does the pineal secrete in response to darkness?
melatonin promotes sleep and inhibits sperm and egg production. affects mood
where's the thyroid gland
in your throat
What is Thyroxine? Where is it produced? What does it control?
-Hormone controls metabolism
-Produced by thyroid gland
what's required to make thyroxine, from where
iodine, iodized salt
What does the Pancreas do?
-Organ in digestive system
-Regulates blood sugar levels
What is diabetes mellitus? What's the difference b/wn Type 1 and Type 2?
hyperglycemia

Type 1- immune system destroys insulin-producing cells of pancreas

Type 2- cells lose sensitivity to insulin
gestational diabetes
hormones produced during pregnancy interfere with insulin; goes away after childbirth
What is leptin produced by? What relates to the amount produced?
produced by fat cells, amount produced relates to size of fat cells
What does CCK do? (cholecystokinin) Where is it produced?
-Tells the brain you're full, reduces desire to eat
-Small intestine
ghrelin
a peptide hormone secreted by the cells of the stomach lining and hypothalamus. makes you hungry
nervous system
specialized cells sense environment and allow rapid, long distance communication between cells
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
What is the Peripheral Nervous System made up of?
all the nerves connected to brain and spinal cord
What are neurons?
cells specialized for conducting electrical charges
sensory neuron
directly sense environment sends signals to CNS
nociceptor
send pain signals to brain, detect damage to brain
What do motor neurons do? where do they receive signals from?
-attach to muscles and glands and make them work
-receive signals from CNS
mirror neuron
neuron that fires when an animal acts and when it sees another animal perform the same direction
waht's a reflex
involuntaqry response to external stimulus
cell body
main part of cell with nucleus and other cell organelles
dendrite
bring info to cell body
axon
carry info away from cell body
myelin sheath
lipid rich insulation around axon
whats the 2 main functions of the myelin sheath
insulation, make nerve impulsse faster
synapse
tiny spaces between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or gland cells
nociceptor
send pain signals to brain, detect damage to brain
motor neuron
attach to muscles and glands and make them work. receive signals from CNS
mirror neuron
neuron that fires when an animal acts and when it sees another animal perform the same direction
waht's a reflex
involuntaqry response to external stimulus
cell body
main part of cell with nucleus and other cell organelles
dendrite
bring info to cell body
axon
carry info away from cell body
myelin sheath
lipid rich insulation around axon
whats the 2 main functions of the myelin sheath
insulation, make nerve impulsse faster
synapse
tiny spaces between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or gland cells
membrane potential
the resting diff. in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve cell
What are the charge of most nerve cells on the inside? What charge are most proteins and DNA?
Most are negative, DNA and proteins are mostly negative
What is the type of nerve cell at rest? What is it's charge?
Na+, with a positive charge
action potential
temp reversal of charge between inside and outside of nerve cell
sodium channel
protein channel in nerve cell membrane that controls flow of Na ions into cell. more Na outside than inside
What is the Potassium Channel?
-protein channel in nerve cell membrane that controls flow of Na out of cell
-more K inside than outside
sodium potassium pump
uses ATP to pump sodium ions back out and pump potassium ions back in
how does an action potential nerve impulse move along an axon? 4 pts
1. Na+ channel opens. Na+ flow in cell. reverse charge, pos in neg outside
2. step 1 causes next Na+ channel to open, action potential moves along axon away from cell body
3. K+ channels open right after Na+ channel, K+ flows out and restores neg. charge inside, pos chare outside
4. sodium - potassium pump use ATP energy to pump Na+ back out and K+ back in. membrane potential restored
how fasgt do nerve impulses travel in vertebrates
fastest about 400ft/sec, 272 mph
invertebrates lack the myelin sheath. how fast do their nerve impulses travel?
6.6 ft/sec or 4/5mph
neurotransmitters
hormones secreted into the snapse between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle cells
where are neurotransmitters stored
small vesicles at the tips of axon
what causes release of nerotransmitters into the synaptic space
Ca ions flow in nerve cells and release neurotransmitters
after neurotransmitters used, what happens to them
they're either reabsorbed and reused by nerve cells or destroyed by enzymes
depression
low levels of norepinephrine
How does Cocaine Addiction work?
-Blocks reabsorption of dopamine
-Body makes enzymes, needs more to get rid of extra dopamine
neurons and reproduction
some neurons release gas
how's viagra work
blocks an enzyme that blocks (NO) allowing (NO) to work
How does Novocaine work?
works by blocking Na+ channels from opening
What do neurotoxins do?
many block ion channels from opening or closing
How does high Alcohol consumption affect the Central Nervous System?
-can block potassium channels open and make them leaky-> lowers membrane potential -> slower reactions, blurred vision, stumbling slurred speech.