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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Alleles for blood type
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I-A I-B i
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Co-Dominance
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Two different alleles are expressed equally in heterzygote
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Incomplete Dominance
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Heterozygote genotype yields an intermediate phenotype relative to the homozygous genotypes
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Epistasis
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One gene's expression dtermines the expression of another
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Penetrence
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Proportion of individuals with a genotype for a trait that actually express the phenotype
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Polydactyly
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Extra fingers or toes
Dominant autosomal Variably Expressed |
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Huntington Disease
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Non-variably expressed
Little variation to phenotype Neurodegeneration 5-15 years diagnosed death |
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Expressivity
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Range of severity for those affected individuals
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Pleiotropy
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Alteration in one single gene yields many seemingly unrelated symptoms
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Porphyria Variegata
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Severe reduction in enzyme to convert porphyrin into heme
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Heme
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Blood Pigment
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Genetic Heterogeneity
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Different genes produce the same phenotype
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Mitochondrial Inheritance
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37 genes encoded by mitochondrial chromosome
Only mother passes the trait on to her children |
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Polygenic
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More than one gene per trait
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Loci
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Chromosomal Location
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Discontinuous Variance
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2 distinct phenotypes
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Multifactorial Traits
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Polygenic components and environmental factors influence phenotype
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Environmental Factors
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Non-genetic
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Heritability
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The proportion of the phenotype that is due to a genotype
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Concordance
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Percent of pairs in which both twins express the trait
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Sex-influenced expression
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Dominant in one sex, recessive in the other
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Sex-limited expression
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Effect is seen in only one sex
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Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
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Male
Cause change to external genetalia Teste formation |
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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XX with female internal organs
Masulinized external organs Enlarged clitoris Increase in androgen |
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Pseudohermaphroditic
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XY
No internal female or male organs excpet testes Externally female phenotype Completely sterile |
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Sex-linkage
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Genes are "linked" (locus is on) the sex chromosome (either X or Y)
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Y-linked genes
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Approximatly 40-50 genes on Y chromosome
A few of these genes are shared with the X chromosome |
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X-linked genes
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Approximatly 1100 genes on X chromosome
Females-XX Male-XY |
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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X-linked
Bad muscle problems |
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Hemophilia A & (B)
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X-linked
Inability to clot blood |
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Color-blindness
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X-linked
Red-green color blindness |
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Hypophosphatemia
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X-linked
Low phosphates Mimics vitamin D deficiency disease (rickets) |
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Congenital generalized hypertrichosis
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X-linked
More hair than normal all over body Warewolf Syndrome |
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Incontinentia Pigmenti
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X-linked
X-IPX eye defects, skin defects X-IPX-IP does't exist X-IPY doesn't exist |
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Dosage Compensation
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Inactivate 1 or the x chromosomes in the female cell
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