Bio Test 2

Front 1

Isotonic

Back 1

Balances

Front 2

Hypertonic

Back 2

More water/Less solute; Cells shrink

Front 3

Hypotonic

Back 3

Less water/More solute; Cells swell

Front 4

Phagocytosis

Back 4

Large sized materials taken into the cell; Cell eating

Front 5

Pinocytosis

Back 5

Liquids or small molecules such as proteins taken into cell; Cell drinking

Front 6

Diffusion

Back 6

Molecules move down a concentration gradient from higher to lower concentration untill equal distribution

Front 7

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 7

Occurs when certain sugars and amino acid molecules are transported across the membrane by a carrier protein down a concentration gradient at a faster rate than simple diffusion; this does not need energy

Front 8

Osmosis

Back 8

A net of movement of water molecules from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

Front 9

Active Transport

Back 9

Requires energy

Front 10

Passive Transport

Back 10

Does not require energy

Front 11

Catalyst

Back 11

Another name for an enzyme

Front 12

Solute

Back 12

Substance being dissolved.

Front 13

Solvent

Back 13

Dissolving agent.

Front 14

Solution

Back 14

Homogeneous mixture where one or more of the substances are distributed equally.

Front 15

How many total ATPs are produced in aerobic cellular respiration?

Back 15

38

Front 16

Equation for photosynthesis

Back 16

CO2+H20 --light--energy----> C6H12O6+O2

Front 17

Anaerobic

Back 17

No oxygen

Front 18

The substrate and products of glycolysis

Back 18

Substrate: glucose
Product: pyruvic acid

Front 19

Denatured

Back 19

Changed in nature or natural quality

Front 20

What determines the function of a protein?

Back 20

Shape

Front 21

Oxidation

Back 21

The loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Front 22

Reduction

Back 22

The gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Front 23

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Back 23

Chloroplasts

Front 24

The substrates of photosynthesis

Back 24

Carbon dioxide and water

Front 25

The products of photosynthesis

Back 25

Oxygen and glucose

Front 26

What structure provides energy for work?

Back 26

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 27

What is the role of the ATP synthase?

Back 27

It uses a hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP.

Front 28

Naming enzymes

Back 28

Protein + -ase
Example:
Cellulase acts on cellulose

Front 29

Enzyme inhibitors

Back 29

Molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity

Front 30

What determines the function of an enzyme?

Back 30

Shape

Front 31

__________ energy is converted to ____________ energy in photosynthesis.

Back 31

Solar energy; chemical energy

Front 32

Thylakoid

Back 32

Flattened membranous sacs that form the chloroplast membranes

Front 33

Stroma

Back 33

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane.

Front 34

Granum

Back 34

Stack of thylakoids

Front 35

Stomata

Back 35

Microscopic openings on the surface of leaves.

Front 36

Producers

Back 36

Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis or other reactions and are a food source for other organisms.

Front 37

Consumers

Back 37

Organisms that ingest other organisms, like plants, in order to gain energy.

Front 38

What does pyruvic acid need to be converted into before the Citric Acid Cycle?

Back 38

Acetyl co-enzyme A

Front 39

What are the products of cellular respirations?

Back 39

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy

Front 40

What are the substrates of cellular respiration?

Back 40

Glucose and oxygen

Front 41

What allows the plants to obtain most of their water?

Back 41

Chlorophyll

Front 42

Enzyme and rate of reaction relationship

Back 42

As the substrate concentration increases so does the reaction rate because there is more substrate for the enzyme react with.

Front 43

Slow Twitch Fibers

Back 43

Marathoners; Less power, lasts longer, generate ATP WITH oxygen.

Front 44

Fast Twitch Fibers

Back 44

Sprinters; Generates more power, fatigue quicker, generates ATP WITHOUT oxygen

Front 45

Exocytosis

Back 45

Takes materials out of cell

Front 46

Endocytosis

Back 46

Takes materials into cell

Front 47

Once electrons reach the end of the ETC, they produce large amounts of _____.

Back 47

ATP

Front 48

Which part of the process of photosynthesis do you get glucose?

Back 48

Calvin Cycle

Front 49

Which part of the process of photosynthesis do you get oxygen?

Back 49

Light Reaction

Front 50

The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration.

Back 50

NAD+

Front 51

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 51

Cytosol

Front 52

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Back 52

Mitochondria

Front 53

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Back 53

Eukaryotes: Mitochondria.
Prokaryotes: Plasma membrane

Front 54

What directly produces most of the ATP in cellular respiration?

Back 54

Electron Transport Chain

Front 55

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Back 55

Oxygen

Front 56

Glycolysis

Back 56

A six-carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. These two molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD+ forming NADH. It uses two ATP molecules per glucose to split the six carbon glucose. Makes four additional ATP directly when enzymes transfer phosphate groups. Net gain of two ATP.

Front 57

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 57

In this step of aerobic respiration, the ATP is ready to release the energy stored in the molecular bonds of pyruvates.

Front 58

Electron Transport Chain

Back 58

In this step, these high energy electrons are again used to convert ADP into ATP. This chain consists of a network of electron-carrying proteins which are present in the inner membrane of the cell, mitochondrion. Electrons are transferred from one place to another by the proteins.

Front 59

Chlorophyll A

Back 59

Absorbs blue-violet, and red light; participates directly in light reactant.

Front 60

Chlorophyll B

Back 60

Blue and orange; Indirectly involved in light reactant

Front 61

Carotenoids

Back 61

Blue to green; Indirectly involved in light reactant; absorbs and dissipates excessive light energy that may damage chlorophyll; Reflecting most in autumn.

Front 62

Light behaves as a _______.

Back 62

Photon

Front 63

Photon

Back 63

Packets of energy

Front 64

Light reactant

Back 64

Converts solar to chemical energy. Oxygen produced

Front 65

Calvin Cycle

Back 65

Uses products of light reactants to make sugar.

Front 66

Why would a pyruvic acid molecule enter into fermentation versus into the citric acid cycle?

Back 66

Oxygen

Front 67

Turgid

Back 67

Swollen, distended, pressing out against sides.

Front 68

Plasmolysis

Back 68

Osmotic condition in which a cell loses water to its outside environment; Shrinks

Front 69

What molecule is required for aerobic respiration to occur beyond glycolysis?

Back 69

Either ATP or oxygen