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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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to produce an exact copy of the original cells genetic blueprint
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purpose of mitosis
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the way in which cells divide and organisms (us) grow our bodies and make replacements and repair of injured and old cells throughout our lifetime
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mitosis
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after the chromosomes are copied, what are the two copies called?
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chromatids
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chromatids are held in place until they separate. what is it called when they separate?
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centromere
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_________ from the _________ attach to centromeres
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spindle fibers
centrioles |
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chromatin condenses into chromosomes with sister chromatids; nuclear envelope disappears
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prophase
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chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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metaphase
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chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends
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anaphase
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chromosomes begin to decondense; nuclear envelope begins to reform
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telophase
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process of splitting cell into two parts
- not actual part of mitosis but this step follows |
cytokinesis
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what are the three phases of interphase
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-G1
-S (synthesis of chromosome copies) -G2 |
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cell grows and carries our normal metabolism; organelles duplicate
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G1
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DNA replication and chromosomes dupication
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S
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cell grows and prepares for mitosis
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G2
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involves either all or part of a whole chromosome, and typically cause major syndromatic conditions
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chromosomal mutations
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what condenses into chromosomes
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chromatin
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occurs during meiosis when a homologous pair go into same daughter cell
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nondisjunction
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-human karyotype
-for mitosis to occur each one of these would make a copy -start with 46, then copies are made 92 |
chromosomes
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term referring to correct "true" chromosomal numbers
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euploidy
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a eukaryote having 3 or more complete sets of chromosomes
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polyploidy
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when an organism have more or less than normal numbers
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aneuploidy
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(2n-1) missing a particular chromosome
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monosomy
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nucleoprotien material that stains with basic dyes, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and beginning organized into visible chromosomes at cell divions
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chromatin
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three-base sequence of messenger rna that is specific for a particular amino acid. some codons also are important for the initiation and termination of protein synthesis
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codon
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virus that has a bacterium as its host. it have dna as their genetic material, which is enclosed in a protein covering
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bacteriaphage
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a section of dna with a particular sequence of bases
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genes
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is permanent change in sequence of bases
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genetic mutation
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the cellular asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells in which single organisms split into two identical individuals
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binary fission
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three-base sequence of transfer rna that is complementary to a particular codon of messenger rna
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anticodon
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one of the two major categories of bases in dna and rna.the purines in both dna and rna are adenine and guanine
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purine
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one of the two major categories of bases in dna and rna. the dna pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. in rna, thymine is replaced by urcail
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pyrimidine
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What should be considered in a best interests analysis?
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Things courts look at in determining best interests: 1) Wishes of the parties; 2) Iwishes of child if over 12 (not dispositive, but will consider); 3) Physical and mental health of the parents; 4) Whether or not parents are in new relationships and if so, the partners in their new relationships whether they would be suitable persons to have in the home; 5) Any history of domestic violence; 6) Whether a placement would foster contact with any extended family members; 7) Anything mentioned in the facts is fair game
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probability of a particular type of mutation occurring per unit time (or generation)
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mutation rate
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number of times a particular mutation occurs in a population of cells of individuals (founder effect)
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mutation frequency
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occurs in body cells and only affect the individual in which mutation arises
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somatic mutation
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alter gametes and are passed to the next generation
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germ-line mutation
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mobile genetic elements
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transpoons
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base pair substitution results in substitution of a different amino acid
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nonsynonymous mutation
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base pair substitution results in the same amino acid
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synonynous mutation
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production of genetically identical copies of dna, cells or organisms via asexual means
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cloning
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a modification of any other organism. they are primarily used to produce products useful to humans
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transgenic organisms
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modification of a human beings genes is referred to as
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gene therapy
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a host that carries pathogens from one organism to another. also used by genetic engineers to introduce a dna sequence into bacteria for amplification
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vector
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type of vector, the small accessory rings found in bacteria, it carries new dna to new source.
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plasmid
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contains dna from two or more sources
-bacterium and human -bacterium and plant |
recombinant dna (rdna)
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cuts the dna
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restriction dna
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seals dna into area opened by restriction enzyme
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ligase dna
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said of a cell that contains one set of chromosomes. the chromosome may be either maternal or paternal in origin
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haploid
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when a cell contains two sets of chromosomes. one set is maternal in origin and the other is paternal.
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diploid
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a fertilized egg. zygoes are diploid and will divide by mitosis to form multicelled, diploid organisms
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zygote
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chromosomes in a biological cell that pair up (synapse) during meiosis
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homologous
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one of two or more forms of the dna sequence of a particular gene
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alleles
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a cell sperm or egg that has successfully formed
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gametes
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period during which nuclear membrane reappears between meiosis and I and II; essentially a interphase for humans males very brief, extended for females whereas many plants do not exhibit
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interkinesis
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is an exchange of genetic material between non sister chomatids during Meiosis in the Prophase I.
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crossing over
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during meiosis
-homologous pairs align during mataphase I -sort without influence from other chromosomes -dont forget those transpoons too |
independent assortment
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points where homologous chromosomes cross over
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chiasma
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the location of that gene on a chromosome
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locus
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genetic make up (actual alleles for each gene on the chromosome)
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genotype
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result of gene expression (actual appearance of character or trait)
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phenotype
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have a different allele type gene sequence on each chromosome (Bb)
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heterozygous
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have the same allele type (gene sequence) on both chromosomes
-either dominant homozygous (BB) or recessive (bb) -traditional for the letter of the dominant trait to start |
homozyhous
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one allele is expressed as a phenotype over another
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dominance
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genotype not visible when heterozygous with dominant trair
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recessive
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-each individual has two factors for each trait
-the factors segregate during formation of gametes -each gamete contains only one factor -fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trair |
mendel's law of segregation
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parental
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p
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first filial (son) generation
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F1
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second filial generation
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F2
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tracking alleles of a single character
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monohybrid
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tracking alleles from two characters
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dihybrid
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the process by which amino acids are assembled into a protein molecule. it involves the ribosomes, messenger rna, transfer rna, and other molecules. the messenger rna determines the sequence of the amino acids in the protein
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translation
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3 stages of translation
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1. initiation
2. elongation 3. termination |
