Bio Test 1 Cards

Front 1

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Back 1

- The molecule whose building block sequence encodes the information that a cell uses to construct a particular protein.
- Double stranded polymer consisting of a chain of nucleotides.

Front 2

Gene

Back 2

- A sequence of DNA that has a known function, such as encoding protein or controlling gene expression.
- Units of heredity.

Front 3

Genome

Back 3

- A complete set of of genetic instructions in a cell, including DNA that encodes protein as well as other DNA.
- The complete sets of DNA sequences.

Front 4

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Back 4

- The molecule that enables a cell to synthesize proteins using the information in DNA sequences.
- Single stranded polymer of ribonucleotides

Front 5

Alleles

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- An alternate form of a gene; a gene variant.
- Variations of a gene (hair/eye color)

Front 6

Chromosomes

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A structure, consisting of DNA and protein that carries the gene.

Front 7

Autosomes

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A chromosome that does not include a gene that determines sex.

Front 8

Sex Chromosomes

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A chromosome that carries genes whose presence or absence determines sex.

Front 9

Karyotype

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- A size-order display of chromosomes.
- Charts used to display Chromosome pairs from largest to smallest.

Front 10

Genotype

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The allele combination in an individual.

Front 11

Phenotype

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- The observable expression of an allele combination.
- Visible trait.

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Dominant

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An allele that exerts an effect when present in just one copy.

Front 13

Recessive

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An allele that exerts an effect only when present in two copies.

Front 14

Pedigrees

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A diagram used to follow inheritance of a trait in a family.

Front 15

Biotechnology

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Used to alter organisms to express certain genes.

Front 16

Homologous Chromosomes

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- Humans have 22 pairs of non-sex homologous chromosomes (the 23rd pair determines sex).
- Chromosome pairs that determine certain characteristics.
- One of the chromosomes is from the mom; the other from the dad.

Front 17

Sister Chromatids

Back 17

- During Mitosis, these are two long strands of identical chromosomal material in a replicated chromosome.
- Separate during mitosis.

Front 18

Centromere

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- The middle of the chromosome.
- During S phase, the cell replicates its entire genome. AS a result, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at this area.

Front 19

Cytokenisis

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- Cytoplasmic division
- Occurs after nuclear division is complete.
- Two cells are formed.

Front 20

Apoptosis

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- The normal/natural breakdown of the cells.
- Cell death.

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Necrosis

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- Cell death in response to injury.

Front 22

Telomeres

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- Located at the ends of chromosomes.
- Shorten with each cell division.
- After about 50 divisions these signal the cell to stop dividing.

Front 23

Gametes

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- Sex cells (sperm and oocytes)

Front 24

Gonads

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- Paired Structure where sperm and oocytes are produced.
- Male Gonads = Testes
- Female Gonads = Ovaries

Front 25

Haploid

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- Gametes are these
- (1n) they have only one of each type of chromosome and therefore one copy of the human genome

Front 26

Diploid

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- Somatic Cells are these
- (2n) they have two copies of the genome.

Front 27

Reduction Division

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- Or Meiosis I
- Reduces the number of replicated chromosomes form 46 to 23.

Front 28

Equational Division

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- Or Meiosis II
- Produces four cells from the two cells formed in the first division by splitting replicated chromosomes.

Front 29

Crossing Over

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- Prophase I
- Homologous Chromosomes exchange parts

Front 30

Independent Assortment

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- Inheritance of one gene does not influence inheritance of another.

Front 31

Spermatogenesis

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- Formation of sperm cells
- Begins at puberty and continues throughout life.

Front 32

Oogenesis

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- Process of egg development
- Begins before birth, pauses until puberty

Front 33

Embryo

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- Prenatal Human
- First 8 weeks

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Fetus

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- Prenatal Human
- 9th week to Birth

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Zygote

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- Fertilized ovum

Front 36

Blastocyst

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- The Inner Cell result of Cleavage
- a clump of cells on the inside lining

Front 37

Morula

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- Called this when blastomeres become a solid ball of sixteen or more cells.

Front 38

Fertilization

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- The union of sperm and ovum

Front 39

Cleavage

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- Period of frequent Mitotic cell division.
- Begins one day after fertilization
- Resulting early cells are called blastomeres.

Front 40

Gastrulation

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- Primary germ layers form (will later become specialized cells like skin, liver, nervous tissue)
- Cells differentiate

Front 41

Monozygotic Twins

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- One ova is fertilized
- Developing embryo spilts during early development
- Identical Twins, genetically identical

Front 42

Dizygotic Twins

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- When two ova are fertilized
- 2 ova may be released from same ovary or one from each ovary in the same month
- Fraternal Twins, same genetic relationship as any sibilings

Front 43

Critical Period

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- During this, an organ is vulnerable to toxins, viruses, and genetic abnormalities
- Since organs develop at different times, this period is different for every organ.

Front 44

Teratogens

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- Toxic substances that cause birth defects during development
- Ex: Thalidomine, Alcohol, Cocaine, Cigarettes, Some Nutrients & Vitamins