Bio Test 1

Front 1

Proteins are made of

Back 1

Amino acid group + carboxyl group by peptide bonds

Front 2

Peptide bonds form via

Back 2

Dehydration or condensation

Front 3

Primary structure deals with

Back 3

Order

Front 4

Secondary structure deals with

Back 4

Hydrogen bonding

Front 5

When R group repels each other

Back 5

It creates a spiral

Front 6

What breaks down a peptide bond

Back 6

Hydrolysis

Front 7

Tertiary and secondary are determined by

Back 7

Hydrogen bonding

Front 8

Quaternary is

Back 8

Two o moreproteins and polypeptides

Front 9

Puine pyrimidine

Back 9

Perfect fit for hydrogen bonding

Front 10

Purine purine

Back 10

Too big

Front 11

Pyrimidine pyrimidine

Back 11

Too small

Front 12

Dna backbone runs

Back 12

Anti-parallel

C 5'-3' C 3'-5'

Front 13

Alosteric regulation

Back 13

Turns enzyme on and off and controls speed

Front 14

Competitive inhibition

Back 14

Will block a receptor site, think of venom example

Front 15

A-T has _ bonds

Back 15

2 hydrogen bonds

Front 16

G-C has _ bonds

Back 16

3 hydrogen bonds

Front 17

Replace T with U when converting

Back 17

DNA to RNA

Front 18

AMP/ATP/GTP

Back 18

When three phosphate molecules are forced together with hydrogen bonds

Front 19

Semiconservative replication

Back 19

DNA splits apart, keeps old DNA adds new half of DNA to old

Front 20

Transcription

Back 20

DNA zips apart, RNA comes in, copies, and DNA zips back together

Front 21

Subunits of proteins

Back 21

Amino acids

Front 22

Subunits of nucleic acids

Back 22

Nucleotides

Front 23

Subunits of carbohydrates

Back 23

Saccharides

Front 24

Subunits of lipids

Back 24

Isoprenes

Front 25

Bond of proteins

Back 25

Peptide bonds

Front 26

Bond of nucleic acids

Back 26

Phosphodiester linkages

Front 27

Bond of carbohydrates

Back 27

Glycosidic linkages (alpha and beta)

Front 28

Bond of lipids

Back 28

Ester linkages

Front 29

Cholesterol

Back 29

Makes cell walls les perméable and stiffer

Front 30

Bilayer

Back 30

Polar ends and nonpolar center

Front 31

Isotonic

Back 31

Water moves freely back and forth, concentration is equal

Front 32

Hypertonic solution

Back 32

Water leaves cell (think of sea water)

Front 33

Hypotonic solution

Back 33

Water enters cell

Front 34

In hypotonic human and plant

Back 34

In humans the cell would explode but a plant cell had cell walls so instead it expands

Front 35

De polarization

Back 35

Ions having the same number of ions inside the cell as outside the cell

Front 36

Electrochemical gradient

Back 36

The desired movement of the ions in out of the cell

Front 37

Amphopathic

Back 37

Polar on one end and nonpolar on the other end

Front 38

Fluid mosaic

Back 38

The amphopathic particles in the bilayer are free to move around in the membrane

Front 39

Ionic bond

Back 39

Form between a metal and a non-metal by transferring electrons

Front 40

Covalent bond

Back 40

Form between two non-metals by sharing electrons

Front 41

What is polarity in covalent bonds?

Back 41

Polarity refers to whether electrons ate shared equally (nonpolar) or unequally (polar) and is caused by electronegativity

Front 42

How does polarity lead to hydrogen bond formation?

Back 42

The electrons are shared equally between the two hydrogen atoms but they are held much more tightly than other atom bonds due to electronegativity

Front 43

Prevalence of water

Back 43

75% of a cell's volume is water

Front 44

Waters polarity and why is a good solvent

Back 44

Hydrogen bonding makes it possible for almost any charged or pillar molecule to dissolve in water

Front 45

Waters heat capacity

Back 45

Water has a high heat capacity because when energy hits it hydrogen bonds must first be broken before heat can be transferred

Front 46

Définition of hydrophilic and examples

Back 46

Can dissolve in water

Soap, salt, sodium hydroxide

Front 47

Définition of hydrophobic and examples

Back 47

Does not dissolve in water

Oil, fat, grease

Front 48

What are the 3 major components of an amino acid

Back 48

Amino group, carboxyl group, R group

Front 49

How many levels of folding are required for protein functioning and what bonds make each level possible

Back 49

4

Polypeptide

Front 50

What and how does dénaturation occur by adding heart and acidity to proteins?

Back 50

The unfolding of proteins by breaking hydrogen bonds

Front 51

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions

Back 51

They bring the reactants together so they react and it decreases the amount of energy needed in the reaction

Front 52

What are the two types of enzyme régulation

Back 52

Alosteric and phosphorylation

Front 53

What are the 3 pieces of nucleotides

Back 53

Phosphate group

5-carbon sugar

Nitrogenous base

Front 54

What are the 4 bases in DNA

Back 54

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Front 55

What are the 4 bases in RNA

Back 55

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Front 56

What allows the base parties in nucleic acids to link up

Back 56

Hydrogen bonds

Front 57

What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA and how do they allow RNA to be a better catalyst

Back 57

DNA has a double helix making it practically impossible to get to the inside information while RNA has a single Helix which makes for easy access to its information

Front 58

What is the significance of the directionality of the sugar phosphate Backbone in nucleic acids

Back 58

They have to be antiparallel to form the double helix

Front 59

What aspects of DNA cause it to form the characteristic double helix

Back 59

It is antiparallel they form purine pyrimidine pairs and their bases are complementary

Front 60

What is a ribozyme

Back 60

An RNA strand that acts like an enzyme

Front 61

How does the structure of ATP make it such a high energy molecule

Back 61

The three phosphates are opposing each other but the bonds keeping them together are stronger meaning they have a massive amount of energy once these bonds are broken that energy is released and the phosphate separate

Front 62

List the three main functions of carbohydrates

Back 62

Immediate energy stored energy and digestive regulation

Front 63

How does Pentoses differ from hexoses

Back 63

Pentose has a five-carbon hexose has a six carbon

Front 64

Distinguish between alpha glucose and beta glucose

Back 64

In alpha glucose they are pointed in the same direction and beta glucose they are flipped

Front 65

What is the structure function and location of starch

Back 65

Alpha glucose energy storage in plant cells

Front 66

What is the structure function and location of glycogen

Back 66

Alpha glucose energy storage in human liver and muscles

Front 67

What is the structure function and location of cellulose

Back 67

Beta glucose major component of plant cell walls

Front 68

What is the structure function and location of chitin

Back 68

Beta glucose steffens the cell walls of fungi

Front 69

What is the structure function and location of peptidoglycan

Back 69

Beta glucose forms bacterial cell walls

Front 70

How do you starch and glycogen

Back 70

Starch has one or two helices and glycogen has many

Front 71

What type of carbohydrates are we unable to digest and why

Back 71

Beta glucose because water is excluded and the fibers are insoluble

Front 72

During photosynthesis atoms are rearranged to form sugars we say that result in carbon carbon and carbon to hydrogen bonds have a lot of free energy why

Back 72

The electrons are shared equally giving them a higher potential energy

Front 73

What is the function of amylase

Back 73

Breaking down starch

Front 74

What is the function of phosphorylase

Back 74

Breaking down glycogen

Front 75

What is the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids

Back 75

In triglycerides are made up of glycerol and Three fatty acids phospholipids are made up of phosphate and Three fatty acids their bonds are Ester linkages

Front 76

Are fats polar or nonpolar

Back 76

Nonpolar

Front 77

Are phospholipids polar or non-polar in do they form a bilayer

Back 77

Polar and yes they form a bilayer

Front 78

Are steroids nonpolar polar or amphipathic

Back 78

Amphipathic

Front 79

Why do we say that fats store more energy than carbohydrates

Back 79

Because they have less oxygen and require more oxidation which produces more energy

Front 80

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

Back 80

If hydrocarbon chains have only single bonds they are saturated if they have one or more double bonds they are unsaturated

Front 81

Explain the fluid mosaic model

Back 81

The hydrophilic ends are outside then there is the bilayer in some protein span the whole membrane

Front 82

What three factors influence the permeability of the cell membrane

Back 82

Channels carriers and pumps

Front 83

Distinguish between transmembrane and peripheral proteins what are their functions and what is the function of cholesterol and the glycoproteins in the cell membrane

Back 83

Transmembrane span the membrane in and out of the cell as well peripheral attached to them without going through the bilayer cholesterol reduces permeability

Front 84

What is the difference between passive and active transport which one requires energy and why

Back 84

Passive is a long an electrochemical gradient and active goes against it it requires energy

Front 85

Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis

Back 85

Diffusion the solute to even out and in osmosis the water tries to even out the concentration

Front 86

Distinguish between the facilitator diffusion of ions in the facilitated diffusion of sugar

Back 86

Ions across membranes via ion channels and sugar crosses membranes via glucose transporters

Front 87

Distinguish between the facilitated diffusion of ions in the active transport of ions

Back 87

In diffusion ions cross membranes via ion channels active transport these cells move the eye on against the electrochemical gradient

Front 88

Distinguish between gated and carrier transmembrane proteins

Back 88

Jaded opens like a gate and carrier is ba A protein that changes shape during the transport

Front 89

What happens to a cell when it is placed in isotonic hypotonic hypertonic Solutions is this due to movement of water or the solute

Back 89

Isotonic stays the same hypotonic explodes hypertonic decreases and it is all due to the movement of water