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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biology is...
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the science of life
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cellular organization
cell theory |
- all organisms consist of one or more cells. (cell is the basic unit of life). Cell theory states this
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sensitivity (aka ittitability)
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all organisms respond to stimuli
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homeostasis
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an organism will stay the same internally, even if the environment may change
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scientific method (definition)
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an approach to uncover truth by using systematic reasoning
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scientific method (two different types of reason)
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inductive and deductive
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inductive reasoning
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tying observations together by using hypothesis
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deductive reasoning
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taking generalizations and making specific predictions about them.
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atomic mass
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protons + neutrons
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isotopes
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atoms of same element, but with a different number of neutrons (same # of protons, same atomic #, different mass)
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radioisotope
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radioactive isotope. unstable nucleus
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anion
cation |
negative
positive |
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reduction
oxidation |
takes up more electrons (more negative charge)
loses electron (more positive charge) |
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electronegativity
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the ability of an atom to attract an electron during a chemical reaction
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4 types of chemical bonds:
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ionic bonds
covalent polar covalent hydrogen |
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covalent bonds
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even sharing of electron pairs
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polar covalent bonding
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sharing of electrons is uneven.
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hydrogen bonding
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a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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ionic bonding
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involves atoms with different electronegativity and involves a complete electron transfer
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different properties of water
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surface tension
wetting capacity capillary action high surface heat high heat of vaporization heat of fusion ability to act as a solvent |
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surface tension
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the attraction of one water molecule to another that results in COHESION. (way a bug can walk on water)
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wetting capacity
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when water molecules become attracted to other charged particles.
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adhesion
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two oppositely charged different molecules are attracted to one another
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capillary action
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result of cohesion and adhesion... meaning the movement of water through small pores.
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imbibtion
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the swelling due to the uptake of water
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high specific heat
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the amount of heat a certain amount of substance required for a given increase in temp.
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high heat of vaporization
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more energy is required to change phases. for water -- 586 calories
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heat of fusion
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freezing water that gives off heat energy. (like spraying plants with water when it freezes outside)
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solutes
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substances that dissolve in water
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hydration shell
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ions attracted to water. they form a hydration shell that is a layer of water that surrounds the ions
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immisicible
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a molecule is immisicible with water, meaning it doesn't mix with water
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PH scale
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PH 1 = very acidic
pH 7 = neutral (water) pH 14 = very basic |
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carbon skeletons
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large sequences of bonded carbon molecules
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7 functional groups
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1.hydroxyl
2.carboxyl 3.amino 4.carbonyl a. aldehyde b.ketone 5. methyl 6. phosphate 7. sulfhydryl |
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HYDROXYL group
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the alcohol group
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CARBOXYL group
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the acid group and makes an organic molecule acidic and water soluble
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AMINO group
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gives a solution basic properties
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CARBONYL group
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has oxygen and carbon doubly bonded.
a. aldehyde - terminal carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. water soluble and polar. b. keyton - one internal carbonds doubly bonded to an oxygen ion instead of terminally bonded. water soluble and polar |
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METHYL group
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nothing but carbon and hydrogen bonded together. water insoluble b/c electronegativity of H and O are almost identical. regular covalent bonds (not polar)
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PHOSPHATE group
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acts like a weak acid and is water soluble. tends to give off two hydrogens
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SULFHYDRYL group
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sulfur and hydrogen bonded together
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delta H
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amt of heat change during a reaction
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carbohydrates
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the principle energy source in most organisms. also involved in cell structure
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monomer
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simple sugar aka monosaccharide
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classifying a simple sugar
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# of carbons:
3 carbons is triose 4 tetrose 5 pentose 6 hexose |
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dissacharide
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two monosaccarhides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage
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glycosidic linkage
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links the monosaccharide to make a disaccharide
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structural isomers
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have the same molecular formula but a differenct structure
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starch
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associated with food storage in plants
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glycogen
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associated with food storage in animals
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cellulose
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(polysaccharide) takes part in structural cell function and consists of glucose
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condensation or dehydration
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the removal of water that is needed to combine two monosaccharides. (reverse: hydrolysis)
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glucose - alpha and beta form
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ALPHA - hooks glucose atoms together to make glycogen. BETA makes cellulose that cant be digested by humans.
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exoskeleton (cellular) or chitin
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polysaccharide that serves as a structural function
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lipids
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hydrophobic. structural. more reduced b/c more H bonds. store energy. humans prefer glycogen over lipids
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essential fatty acid
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acids that humans can't produce in their body, required in diet.
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saturated fat
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single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. solid at room temp. (fat)
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unsaturated fat
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doubly bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. liquid at room temp. (oil)
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subcutaneous fat
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fat under the skin that serves as instillation (involves idea of homeostasis)
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phospholipids
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type of liquid that occurs when triglycerides are midding a fatty acid group
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steriods
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another type of lipid. cholesterol makes sex hormones and bile acids
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examples of steroids
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testosterone, estradiol.
cortizone |
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PROTEINS
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linear sequences of amino acids
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proteins main functions:
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1. enzymes are 99.9% of proteins. catalysts speed up chemical reactions and control different reactions
2. DEFENSE: proteins protect from viruses and bacteria. antibodies detect foreign objects in the body. 3. TRANSPORT: they move hemoglobin that carries oxygen to cells though the bloodstream. 4. support (structure): hair, elastic skin 5. MOTILITY: allow muscles to contract 6. REGULATION: 7. STORAGE: protein stores iron and calcium |
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dipeptide bond
tripeptide bond polypeptide chain |
- 2 amino acids hooked together
- 3 hooked together - lots of amino acids together |
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primary structure of a protein
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linear sequence of amino acids. Ones primary structure forms, a higher secondary structure will form
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chaperone proteins
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help other proteins fold up if they cant on their own
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a denatured protein
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a protein that has changed its shape. 3 factors:
1. temp change 2. change in pH 3. change in salt concentration |
