Bio Test 1

Front 1

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 1

Organ: Red blood cells

Defect/Mutation: Defective hemoglobin

Front 2

Diabetes (1)

Back 2

Organ: Pancreas

Defect/Mutation: Insulin Production

Front 3

Cystic fibrosis

Back 3

Organ: Lungs

Defect/Mutation: CF protein/salt transport

Front 4

Eukaryotic cells

Back 4

"True" nucleus with DNA in chromosomes & nucleus membrane

Animals, plants, protozoa

Organelles: Nucleus, Mitochondra, Chloroplasts, Flagella, Lysosomes, Golgi, E.R., vesicles

Front 5

Procayotic cells

Back 5

Bacteria

No "true" nucleus

Naked DNA not inclosed in membrane. No mitosis meiosis

No organelles "bounded" by membrane

Front 6

Covalent Bond

Back 6

Strong

A sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

Front 7

Hydrogen Atom

Back 7

drawing

Front 8

H2: Hydrogen (gas) molecules

Back 8

drawing

Front 9

H2 gas

Back 9

drawing

Front 10

Oxygen

Back 10

drawing

Front 11

Water is polar

Back 11

Oxygen atoms have a strong (+) nucleus=more electroneg. (attraction) than hydrogen

In water, oxygen atoms pull shares electrons toward them

Results in a partial neg charge on O atom, and partial pos charge on hydro. atom

Front 12

Ionic Bond

Back 12

One atom is much more electronegative (attractive) than another, may strip off an electron outer orbitals = 8

Chargen atoms/molecules =IONS

Attraction between oppisitely changes atoms (or molecules) STRONG

Ions attract to =IONIC BOND

Front 13

Ionic Bond

Back 13

DRAWING

Front 14

Hydrogen Bonds:

Back 14

The attractive force between a (slightly) positive H atom of one molecule, and a (slightly) negative atom (weak, non-covaltent)

Front 15

Hydrophillic

Back 15

water loving

Polar molecules: Unequal charge H-bonds with water

Examples: water, sugars, DNA & RNA, most proteins

Charged substance: Bonds with water. Includes: proteins, dan, minerals potassium, chloride, iron, magnesium

Dissolve in water

Found inside: cell cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, E.R., lysosomes, food vacuoles, golgi

Front 16

Hydrophobic

Back 16

water fearing

Non-polar/uncharged molecules: uncharged, dont form H-bonds, fats, oils, waxes

Dissolve in organis non polar solvents: gas, benzene, chloroform, methanal, accetone

Found in membranes of: cell, nucleus, mitochondria, E.R., lysosomes, food vacs, golgi

Front 17

In membranes:

Back 17

hydrophobic layer

Barrier to movement of polar molecules (water, sugars, proteins, DNA, RNA, vitamins)

Front 18

Inside cellular compartments:

Back 18

Hydrophillic

Contains polar molecules (sugars, proteins, DNA, vitamins...dissolved water)

Front 19

Compartmentalization:

Back 19

Cells are divided into compartments

The walls of the compartments are membrane

Compartments allow cells to seperate different molecules & different functions

Front 20

Carbohydrates

Back 20

C,H,O

Biologcal fuels-burned for energy
*Movement
*Biosynthesis/growth
*Active transport, moving substances across membranes

Front 21

Monosaccharides

Back 21

*Glucose
*Fructose
*Galactose

Front 22

Disaccharides

Back 22

*Sucrose (fructose-glucose)
*Lactose (galactose-glucose)
*Maltose (glucose-glucose)

Front 23

Polysaccharides

Back 23

*Starch
*Cellulose
*Glycogen

Front 24

Glusoce

(definition, symbol)

Back 24

The basic sugar of cells

C6H12O6

Forms a ring shape

Front 25

Starch formula:
(photosynthesis)

Back 25

E (energy) + CO2 + H20---> sugars (carbs) + O2

Front 26

Starch formula:
(metabolism)

Back 26

sugars(carbs) + O2--> CO2 + H2O + E

Front 27

Glycogen:
*Glucose
*Glucagon

Back 27

Polysaccharide
*monosacharides
*protein, hormone5

Front 28

Hyperglycemia:

Back 28

High blood glucose levels

Front 29

Hypoglycemia:

Back 29

Low Blood glucose levels

Front 30

Hormone:

Back 30

Substance made by cells which travels through blood to reach target cells and trigger those cells to some action

Front 31

Hormone examples

Back 31

Insulin, pancreas, target most cells, take up glucose & convert to glycogen

Glucagon: Pancreas, most cels, convert glycogen back to glucose

Adrnaline, adrenal glands, muscle, liver, heart, blood vessels

Front 32

Insulin with diabetes:

Back 32

Weight loss occurs due to insulin lowering blood glucose trying to get into cell. Thus cell does not get nutrients and dies, almost like you arent eating any sugar.

Front 33

Lipids (types)

Back 33

Sterols: cholesterol, steroids, estrogen, progesteron, testosterone

Fats: saturated/ unsat. fatty acids

Phospholipids: lipids with phosphate

Front 34

Lipids:

Back 34

Provide energy for animals

Principle component of membranes

Front 35

Major component of membranes:

Back 35

LIPIDS!

Front 36

Lipid catagories:

Back 36

Sterols
*Fatty acids
*Phospholipids

Front 37

Type of sterols:
Shape:

Back 37

Cholesterol
*Cortisone
*Estrogen
*Progesterone
*Testosterone

*3 hexagons, home plate

Front 38

Glycerol Drawing:

Back 38

Drawing

Front 39

Fatty Acid:

Back 39

type of fat, a lipid with a long chain hydrocarbon with "COOH" at one end

Front 40

Glycerol:

Back 40

not a lipid but "backbone" of fats known at triglycerides

Front 41

Tryiglyceride:

Back 41

a type of fat, a lipid with three fatty acids attached to a gycerol backbone

Front 42

Phospholipid:

Back 42

a lipid containing a phosphate

Front 43

Phospholipid chem drawing:

Back 43

Drawing

Front 44

Phospholipid structure: (phillic head, phobic tails)

Back 44

drawing

Front 45

Liposomes:

Back 45

designed for delivery of drugs or dna directly into cells