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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology |
Study of life |
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Botany |
Study of plants |
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Zoology |
Study of animals |
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Respiration |
Animals form of energy prduction |
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Photsynthesis |
Plants form of energy production |
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7 characteristics of life |
1. Living things are organized 2. Living things take materials and energy from the environment 3. Living things are homeostatic 4. Living things respond to stimuli 5. Living things reproduce 6. Living things can grow and develop 7. Living things are adapted |
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Eukaryotic cells |
Have a nucleus/nuclear membrane Eukarya domain are made up of these cells because the nucleus contains the genetic info |
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Prokaryotic cells |
No nucleus/nuclear membrane |
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Nucleus |
Contains all the genetic material |
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Taxonomy |
The classification of living things |
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Kingdoms |
Archea Bacteria Eukarya |
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Human classification |
Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primates Family - Hominidae Genus - Homo Species - H. sapiens |
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1.3 The organization of the Biosphere |
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Biosphere |
Where organism live (includes air, land, and water) |
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Population |
The number of species in an area |
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Community |
The group of all species in an area |
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Ecosystem |
All species and the surrounding environment |
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Biodiversity |
Variety of life |
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Biogenesis |
The belief that life comes from other living things |
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Abiogenesis |
The belief that life comes from non-living things |
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Experimentation |
Observation --> Hypothesis --> Experiment --> Conclusion --> Scientific Theory |
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Hypothesis |
A possible solution to a problem |
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Experimental Variable |
The variable which is altered |
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Control Group |
The part of the experiment that reduces the variables |
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Experimental Group |
The part of the experiment that is being tested |
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Controls |
Things you try to keep the same |
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Microscopes |
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Magnification |
How many times larger |
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Resolution |
Ability to destinguish detail |
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Ocular lens |
10x (can be 20x) |
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Objective lens |
4x, 40x, 100x |
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Types of microscopes |
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Oil Immersion (Light microscope) |
2000x magnification |
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Transmission Electron microscope |
1 000 000x magnification B&W images Dead/flat specimen |
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Scanning Electron Microscope |
20 000x magnification 3D/ color/ live Uses images Specimens sometimes coated with gold |
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Cell theory |
All organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms All cells come only from other cells |
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Cell Structure |
Protoplasm - All fluid in cell Cytoplasm - Fluid outside the nucleus Nucleoplasm - Fluid in the nucleus |
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Cell Membrane |
Phosphate head Lipid tail Protein channels |
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Passive Transport |
No energy required Movement from high to low concentration Follows concentration gradient Simple diffusion --> Movement of particles from high to low concentration Osmosis --> Same as diffusion, but through a membrane |
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Osmosis |
Hypotonic - Cell expands, more water into cell than out Hypertonic - Cell shrinks, more water out of membrane, could reach equal concentration Isotonic - Equal concentration, water can go in and out |
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Active transport |
Requires energy Movement from low to high concentration Goes against concentration gradient Endocytosis --> Moves things into cell, or around cell Exocytosis --> Moving substances out of the cell |
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Endocytosis |
Pinocytosis - liquids/ small particles Phagocytosis - solids/large particles Receptor - mediated |
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Chemistry |
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2.1 |
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Atom |
Smallest indivisible particle of matter |
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Molecule |
Usually more than one atom bonded together which make up all substances |
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Compound |
A substance composed of two or more elements bonded together chemically |
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Element |
A pure substance made up of one type of substance |
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Metabolism |
Sum of all chemical reactions --> chemical reactions that occur within living organisms in order to maintain life Catabolic - Breaking down substances in body Anabolic - Building up substances in body |
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Protons |
Positive charge, mass of 1 amu |
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Neutron |
Neutral charge, mass of 1 amu |
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Electron |
Negative charge, 1/1836 amu |
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Ion |
Charged particle |
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Isotope |
Same atom but different number of neutrons |
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Bonding |
Ionic - Transfer electrons Covalent - Share electrons |
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2.2 |
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Hydrogen Bonding and Polarity |
The negative end of a water molecule repels the negative end of another water molecule, but attracts the positive end, which has a single proton. Creates a special hydrogen bond |
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Freezing point of water |
0 degrees celsius |
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Boiling point of water |
1000 degrees celsius |
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Brownian Motion |
describes the movement that all particles have as they are releasing heat until they reach the temperature of 0 degrees Kelvin |
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pH Scale |
A substance is either acidic or basic based on how many H or OH H and OH are inversely proportionate 1-6.9 = Acid 7 = Neutral 7.1-14 = Base |
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Buffers vs. Neutralization |
Neutralization - when 2 substances and then you take the average Buffer - When the pH is kept the same through a double replacement reaction when one of the products contains H and the other contains the OH, they then form a salt and water |
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Dissociation |
When H20 splits into H and OH |
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Isomer |
Each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties |
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Monomer |
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecule to form a polymer; building block |
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Polymers |
Larger molecule made up of monomers |
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Organic chemistry |
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Carbohydrates |
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Monosacchride |
Any class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar |
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Disaccharide |
Three types Maltose - Glucose +glucose Lactose - Glucose + galactose Sucrose - Fructose + glucose |
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Dehydration synthesis |
When water is produced through the combination of two glucose molecules --> remove H20 |
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Hydrolysis |
When two molecules are split as a result of the addiction |
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Enzymes |
Break down fibers (maltase, lactase, sucrase) would break down their respective dissacharides |
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Polysaccharides |
Three types Starch - Storage molecule for plants - Made up of glucose units, Multibranched Glycogen - Storage molecule for animals - MAde up of Glucose units, Multibranched Cellulose - FIbre - Made up of glucose units, SIngle, straight chain, alternating bonded Oxygen |
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Proteins |
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Amino Acids |
Building blocks of proteins, there are 22 different kinds of amino acids |
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4 Different types of bonding |
Primary --> The single polypeptide chain Secondary --> 1 chain bent into helix Tertiary --> 1 polypeptide chain twisted 3D shape Quaternary --> More than one polypeptide chain bonded together |
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Denaturation |
Change the molecular composition of a protein through heat--> makes food easier to digest |
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Coagulation |
Same thing as denaturation but is irreversible --> blood coagulates when it comes out of body |
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Lipids |
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Saturated |
Have all H atoms it can hold Stick to the inside |
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Unsaturated |
Have double bonds between carbon atoms Monounsaturated - When you have one double bond and are missing 2 Hydrogen on the same side of the FAC Polyunsaturated - When you have multiple double bonds and are missing Hydrogen atoms on the same side of the FAC |
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Trans Fat |
Have a missing Hydrogen on each side of the FAC Synthetic --> therefore not essential in our diet They stick to the inside of your arteries, very similar to the saturated fat --> body treats them like saturated fat |
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Hydrogenated fat |
The addition of Hydrogen makes a fat hydrogenated |
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Cholesterol |
High/Low Density Lipoproteins HDL & LDL You want a higher ratio between HDL/LDL --> 2/1 would be good, 1/2 would be bad Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis - The hardening of arteries, plaque build up, deposits of fat in arteries |
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Nucleic Acids |
Made up of 1000's of atoms The building block of nucleic acids is a nucleotide --> examples are DNA and RNA - Nucleotides are made up of Nitrogen base Simple sugar Phosphate group |
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DNA |
Double Helix Has a nitrogen-base pair 4 Different Nitrogen Bases A, T + G, C
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RNA |
Single Helix Has a bond of AGC + Uracil When DNA unzips the RNA matches up with the DNA pattern to read the triplet acid code The RNA then leaves the nucleus with the code and attracts the appropriate amino acid to form proteins |
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Chapter 6 Metabolsims |
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Enzymes |
Most enzymes are proteins A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction |
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Kinases |
Enzymes that activate other enzymes by phosphorylating them |
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Entropy |
Is unusable energy --> generally in the form of heat |
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Metabolism |
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell |
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Photosynthesis |
same thing as cellular respiration but needs sunlight |
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Cellular respiration |
Produces ATP during this process |
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Forms of energy |
Chemical, light, electric, heat, food --> They all be converted however energy is lost through entropy |
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Kinetic |
Energy in motion Mechanical energy |
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Potential |
Stored Energy |
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Laws of Thermodynamics |
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but energy can change forms All conversions of energy produce heat, which is not useful energy |
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Metabolic Reactions |
Exergonic - Release energy Endergonic - Requires energy Activation energy - Energy required to start a reaction |
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Catalysts |
Chemicals which speed up chemical reactions -Make a reaction more likely to occur - DO this by lowering the activation energy Typically exist in the form of enzymes - Enzymes are reusable |
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Coupled reactions |
C+D --> A+B --> Two reactions that occur simultaneously C+D could be substrates forming into new substrates (A+B), and at that same time ATP turns into ADP |
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Enzymes |
Catalysts, which regulate living organisms --> break bond of a disaccharide |
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Enzyme models |
Lock and key/induced-fit model Enzymes undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit and then the substrate lock into the active site |
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Cofactors |
Inorganic molecules such as iron, zinc, K, Cu |
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Coenzymes |
Organic molecules made from vitamins |
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Factors that affect Enzyme Reaction |
pH - Pepsinogen --> Operates best at pH of 3 - Trypsinogen --> Operates best at pH of 9 Temp Competitive Inhibitor Non-Competitive Inhibitor Substrate Concentration Enzyme Concentration |
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity |
Feedback Inhibition Precursor Activity |
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Redox Reactions |
Oxidation - loss of electrons Reduction - Gain of electrons |
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Ch. 14 - DIgestion |
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Four components |
Ingestion - The process of taking stuff into the body Digestion - Breaking down food into smaller molecules Absorption - When food enters the bloodstream in the form of monomers Egestion - Process of eliminating solid waste products |
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Absorption |
-These molecules are absorbed through the capillaries or lymphatic system -These molecules are now available to convert to energy - ATP - Readily available -Fat - Stored - Glycogen - Stored - Glucose
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GI Tract |
Starts with the mouth --> mouth is a sphincter muscle Ends with the anus --> anus is a sphincter muscle |
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2 types of digestion |
Physical (increases surface area) --> makes chemicals able to do their job faster (because of smaller pieces) - Mechanical - Chewing, churning - Bile - Produced by liver and is stored in the gallbladder - Partakes in emulsification - splits up the fat molecules but doesn't break down the molecules Chemical (changes molecules into different molecules) - Change polymers into monomers |
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2 Types of Control (control meaning regulation which controls the speed of digestion) |
Nervous - Nerves carry info to and from the brain - Signals are sent down nerves - Quick, but shortened duration Hormonal - Sent via bloodstream - Slower, but longer in duration A hormone could continue circulating within your body for hours |
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Alimentary canal |
6.5-9, long (mainly SI) Also known as GI tract Includes Mouth Esophagus Stomach SI LI |
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Esophagus |
Food pipe |
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Stomach |
Very little in digestion, stomach produces chyme |
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Small intestine (3 parts) |
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
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Large intestine (3 parts) |
Cecum Rectum Anal canal |
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Accessory Organs |
Pancreas Liver Gall Bladder |
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Teeth |
Incisor --> 8 Canine --> 4 Premolar --> 8 Molar --> 12 |
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Tongue (taste buds) |
Sweet Sour Bitter Salty |
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Salivary Glands |
Parotid (Side of head) Submandibular (Under mandible Sublingual (Under tongue) |
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Pharynx |
Located on the back of the throat Common air of both air&food |
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Nasopharynx |
Above the pharynx (Superior to the pharynx) Entering into nasal cavity |
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Esophagus |
The tube that attaches mouth to stomach Food pipe |
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Trachea |
Wind pipe |
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Epiglottis |
The flap of tissue that prevents food from entering trachea |
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Glottis |
Opening to the trachea |
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Peristalsis |
The process in which the body moves food through the body It is the concentration of muscles that "squeeze" the food through different regions |
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Nasal Cavity |
The cavity that is inside the nose |
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Olfactory Cells (Process of smelling) |
When odor enters the nose, it touches olfactory cells and sends signals to the brain Brain remembers that smell |
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Larynx |
The voice box Contains muscles (vocal cords) --> Men have thicker muscles |
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Soft Palate |
Area of the back of the throat; uvula which controls food from going up into your nasal cavity and coming out your nose |
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Hard Palate |
Above the tongue, separates mouth form nasal cavity |
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Stomach |
Very little digestion occurs in the stomach, it is trying to turn the food into chyme, preparing the food for digestion |
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Cardiac and Pyloric Sphincter |
Cardiac Sphincter - located at the top of the stomach, aka the esophageal sphincter Pyloric Sphincter - Located at the bottom of the stomach |
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Mucous cells --> Mucus |
Makes the food slippery to reduce friction, lines the stomach and acts as a protective layer to prevent enzymes in the stomach from breaking down the stomach cells Bacteria can thin out this protective layer and create an ulcer |
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Hydrochloric Acid |
Parietal cells Doesn't digest food, it breaks down the sinew, makes it softer, and physically digests the meat Physical Change |
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Renin (enzyme) |
Primarily coagulates dairy Chemical change |
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Ulcer |
open wound that does not heal |
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SI Digestion with Enzymes |
Pepsin - converts long polypeptide chains into shorter ones Renin - Coagulates dairy --> Occurs in stomach and is chemical digestion Trypsin - Converts shorter polypeptide chain into a dipeptide Erepsin - General category |
