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polar molecule

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a molecule with opposite charges on opposite sides.

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cohesion

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the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

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adhesion

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the attraction between different kinds of molecules

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surface tension

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a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. water has a high surface tension bc of the hydrogen bonding.

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kinetic enegy

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the energy of motion

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heat

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the measure of the toal amount of kinetic energy

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temperature

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measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules

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calorie

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the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree celcius

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specific heat

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the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp. by 1 degree celcius

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heat of vaporation

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the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

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evaporation cooling

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the property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing the loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state

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solution

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a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

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solvent

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the dissoving agent of a solution

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solute

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the substance that is dissolved in a solution

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aqueous solution

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one in which water is the solvent in a solution

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hydration shell

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the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

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hydrophilic

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any substance that has an affinity for water

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hydrophobic

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a substance that does not have an affinity for water

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hydrogen ion

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a single proton with a charge of +1

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hydroxide

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OH which has a charge ov -1

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acid

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a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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base

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a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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pH

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the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. also tells how acidic and basic the solution is

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buffers

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substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

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acid precipitation

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refers to rain, snow or fog with a pH lower or more acidic that pH 5.6

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organic chemistry

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the branch of chemistry that specalizes in the study of carbon compounds

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hydrocarbons

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organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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isomers

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compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence differnt properties

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structural isomers

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isomer that differs in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

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geometric isomers

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isomer that differ in their spatial arrangements

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enantiomers

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molecules that are mirror images of each other

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functional groups

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the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups)

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adenosine (ATP)

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the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell

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macromolecule

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molecule whos mass is over 100,000 daltons

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polymer

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a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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monomers

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the repeating units hat serve as the building blocks of a polymer that are small molecules

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condensation reaction or dehydration reaction

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monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule

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hydrolysis

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a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction by breaking bonds by adding water

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carbohydrates

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A sugar (monosacchaide) or its dimers (disaccharides) or polymer (polysaccharides)

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monosaccharides

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the simplest carbohydrate, active alove or serving as a monomer for disaccarides and polysaccharides. Simple sugar usually a multiple of CH2O

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disaccharide

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2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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polysaccharides

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macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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starch

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a storage polysaccharides of plants, is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers

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glocogen

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a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched (animals store it)

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cellulose

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poly saccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

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fat

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a biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

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fatty acids

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a long caron chain carboxlic acid. fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds.

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saturated fatty acids

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a fatty acid in whic all carbons in the hydrocarbon tails are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton

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unsaturated fatty acid

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a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

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fatty acid

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has one or more double bonds formed by removed hydrogen

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phospholipid

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a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

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steroids

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lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consiting of four fused rings

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cholesterol

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a common component of animal cell membranes

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enzymes

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proteins that regulate the metabolism by acting like catalysts

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catalysts

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chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction

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polypeptides

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polymers of amino acids

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protein

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consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations

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amino acids

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organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups

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peptide bonds

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the resulting covalent bond after a dehydration reaction

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primary structure

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on a protein, its unique sequence of amino acids.

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secondary structure

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the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polpeptide backbone (not the amino acid side)

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a helix and b pleaded sheet

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a is a coil and b is a pleaded sheet

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tertiary structure

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superimposed on the patterns of a secondary structure in a protein

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hydrophobic interactions

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interaction when water inters that affects te tertiary structure

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disulfide bridges

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the conformation of a protein may be reinforced further by covalent bonds

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quaternary structure

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the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

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denaturation

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in proteins a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. occurs only in extreme conditions

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chaperonins

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protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

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x ray crystallography

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used to determine a proteins three dimensional structure

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gene

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the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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a double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide nonomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil and single stranded and functions in protein synthesis

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polynucleotides

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nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers

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nucleotides

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a nitrogenous base, five carbin sugar, and a phosphate group

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pyrimidine

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6 embered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (nucleotide monomer)

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purines

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nucleotide monomer with 5 and 6 member rings

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ribose

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nucleotide monomer is a pentose with a nitrogenous base

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deoxyribose

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nucleotide monomer