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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the secretory pathway for a secreted protein?
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Rough ER => Golgi => Secretory Vesicle
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(T/F) Endocytosis does not bring newly synthesized proteins into the lysosome.
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True.
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(T/F) Pepsin's activity is not optimized for acidic environments.
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False; pepsin's activity IS optimized in the stomach's acidic environment.
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(T/F) Trypsin and pancreatic lipase are both secreted enzymes that function in the small intestine, not an acidic environment.
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True.
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What is the signal that a protein that is destined for the lysosome?
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M6P
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What organelle(s) is M6P involved in targetting?
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ONLY lysosomes.
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What does the interior of the ER (the lumen) correpond to?
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- interior of the Golgi
- interior of secretory vesicles - extracellular environment in turn |
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(T/F) CO2 and oxygen passively diffuse through membranes (such as the placenta).
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True; in the placenta, fetal plasma CO2 must be higher than the maternal circulation in the placenta forcing CO2 to move down the gradient from the fetal circulation into the maternal circulation.
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How has fetal hemoglobin adapted?
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It binds oxygen more avidly than adult hemoglobin, to provide sufficient oxygen to fetal tissues under these reduced oxygen conditions.
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(T/F) Maternal blood must supply oxygen to maternal tissues before reacching the placenta.
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True.
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Where does blood mix in the fetus?
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between teh pulmonary artery and the aorta through the ductus arterisus.
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(T/F) In the fetus, both ventricles pump blood to the system circulation.
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True.
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Main function of large intestine
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reabsorption of salt and water from forming feces; they are designed for inward movement of water.
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(T/F) Epithelium of the stomach and the skin play protective roles and are relatively impermeable.
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True.
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Epithelial cells of the capillaries are likely to experience water flow only in one direction.
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FALSE; they are likely to experience water flow out of, as well as back into, the plasma and are not adapted for water flow in one direction or another.
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(T/F) Schwann cells are supportive of neurons, insulating them, but they don't convey APs to a neuron.
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True.
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(T/F) Sodium travels through the myelin sheath.
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False.
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Centrioles are what?
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microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) responsible for spindle formation in mitosis and meiosis.
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(T/F) Second messengers carry hormone signals inside the cell but are not themselves hormones.
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True.
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(T/F) Neurotransmitters are charged molecules that work at the cell surface.
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True.
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(T/F) Lysosomes and peroxisomes are separate distinations that proteins can be targeted to but are not in the secretory path leading to the cellular exterior.
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True.
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What do ribosomes synthesize?
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Proteins.
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Endocytosis
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- process by which the cell internalizes receptor-ligand complexes from the cell surface, such as polypeptide hormones bound to their receptor.
- At the cell surface, the receptor-ligand complexes cluster in clathrin-coated pits and pinch off the vesicles that join acidic copmartments known as endosomes. |
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The tRNA moelcules only interacts with the mRNA codon (before/after) mRNA is bound to the ribosome.
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After.
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(T/F) If something is an isomers, it has to have different atomic composition.
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FALSE: it has to have the same atomic composition.
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(T/F) NADPH can be used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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NADH is used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. NADPH cannot be used.
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What are microfilaments?
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fibrous polymers of the globular protein actin, which are essential for: amoeboid motility cell-cell adhesion contractile processes
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What are microtubules?
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- hollow tubes composed of tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers and are the largest of the three cytoskeletal structures. - they function during mitosis in: cell structure movement of cilia and flagella transportation of organelles sister chromatid separation
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Does metaphase require microtubules?
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yes, for sister chromatid separation so if the cycle has already progressed past this stage, the drug will not effect microtubules.
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Microfilaments are required for ...
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amoeboid motility contraction processes such as contraction of the cleavage furrow to copmlete cytokinesis.
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What stage does the cleavage furrow form?
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during telophase/cytokinesis, not anaphase... microfilaments are responsible for this.
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(T/F) Microfilaments are composed of actin and are found in the cytoplasm as part of the cytoskeleton.
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True.
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Are eukaryotic flagella structurally identical to prokaryotic flagella?
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NO; - Prokaryote flagella: formed from chains of a protein called flagellin and are attached to the cell surface (as opposed to being cytoplasmic extensions). - Eukaryotic flagella: they are cytoplasmic extensions with a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
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(T/F) Eukaryotic flagella are similar in structure to cilia.
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True.
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(T/F) For eukarytoic falgella, ATP hydrolysis is requried for their movement.
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True.
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(T/F) The centromores don't split until early anaphase, when they prepare to move towards the opposite poles of the spindle.
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True.
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(T/F) Erythrocytes are nucleated and terminally differentiated.
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FALSE; they lack a nucleus in humans and are terminally differentiated! They are incapable of mitosis and must be continually replenished by stem cells in the marrow.
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(T/F) A drug that blocks the passage of potassium ions through potassium leak channels would making teh resting MP become positive in the cellular interior relative to the extracellular environment.
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FALSE; it will not make the cellular interior positive since doing so would require net movement of positive ions into the cell which is not what happens.
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Basic amino acids are positively are negatively charged?
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Positively charged and hydrophobic... they are found on the exterior of proteins in aqueous environments.
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Where is teh ATPase activity for Na/K ATPase?
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it will be on the interior of the vesicle since it will reside on the cytoplasmic side of the Na/K ATPase.
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(T/F) Enzyme catalyzed reactions can often be driven backward if the concentration ofproduct is greater than at equilibrium, making delta(G) favor the back reaction rather than the forward reaction.
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True.
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What conditions must there be theoretically to result in ATP production from Na/K ATPase rather than ATP hydrolysis?
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- increased K in the interior and increase Na in the exterior of the vesicle, with ADP and Pi high both inside and outside of the vesicle.
- this is based on: Enzyme catalyzed reactions can often be driven backward if the concentration ofproduct is greater than at equilibrium, making delta(G) favor the back reaction rather than the forward reaction. |
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Are equilibrium and delta(G) related functions?
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YES; if delta(G) is negative, then the reaction will move forward toward equilibrium spontaneously.
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What happens when you couple ATP hydrolysis to a reaction?
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it alters the overall delta(G) and will also change the equilibrium.,
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(T/F) Osmosis is the flow of WATER to equalize a difference in solute concentration, not the net movement of solute across a membrane.
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TRUE
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(T/F) Cancer cells may lose their ability to respond to hormonal control, but some cancers retain their ability (e.g. breast cancers, which are treated with hormone therapy).
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True.
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Where is the jelly coat in relation to the vitelline layer?
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The jelly coat is the layer just outside the vitelline layer.
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(T/F) In fertilization, the acrosomal reaction allows the sperm to penetrate teh jelly coat to reach the vitelline layer, in which the bindin receptors are located.
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TRUE.
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Where are cortical granules located?
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- inside the plasma membrane of the egg;
- substances from the cortical granules degrade the bindin receptors. |
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What is ther perivitelline space?
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its the space btw the plasma membrane and the vitelline layer.
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Primary oocytes are arrested for years at what phase is meiosis?
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meiotic prophase I;
they are arrested for years from birth until ovulation here. |
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(T/F) Calcium influx results from the sodium influx, and this calcium influx leads to release of enzymes from the cortical granules which degrade bindin receptors.
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TRUE.
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What does LH act on in terms of spermatogenesis?
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The leydig cells.
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What does FSH act in terms of spermatogenesis?
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Sertoli cells.
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What does testosterone act on in terms of spermatogenesis?
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it acts on the testes; causing them to produce sperm. But spmatogenesis couldn't proceed without LH and FSH.
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Whcih hormones stimulate spermatogenesis in humans?
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LH, FSH, and Testosterone
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asexual reproduction
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mitosis, in which HAPLOIDS undergo morphological changes to produce new HAPLOID gametes
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sexual reproduction
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a fusion of two haploid cells to form a diploid zygote.
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In sexual reproduction, dna replication occurs in diploid or haploid cells?
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diploid.
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cocci are [spira/rodlike/spherical/assymetrical] in shape.
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spherical
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Dilation of blood vessels in inflamed tissue would do what?
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increase the pressure in capillaries, increasing their permeability, and increase the flow of fluid out of the plasma into the extracellular space in surrounding tissues.
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(T/F) The large intestine has a maximal capacity for water resorption.
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True; and if this capacity is exceeded by secretion of abnormally large quantities of water, diarrhea will result.
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What do pepsin and trypsin hydrolyze.
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Proteins.
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what is hemolysis
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lysis of red blood cells.
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What are the steps to bacteria growth?
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starts out slowly, while biosynthesis is producing building blocks of growth;
the enters rapid log phase, before finally entering a stationary phase in which growth slows due to lack of nutrients and an accumulation of toxins. |
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(T/F) Opening of slow voltage gated ca2+ channels allow calcium in cardiac muscle plays a role in the release of the troponin/tropomyosin complex from actin filaments, allowing myosin heads to bind and initiate contraction.
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TRUE.
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The neuromuscular junction uses only what NT?
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acetylcholine.
ACh binds to a receptor on the post-synaptic cell, opening a Na channel and causing depolarization of the cell. |
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Fermentation can keep glycolysis going under anaerobic conditions by...
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converting pyruvate into ethanol or lactic acid.
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In general, the Krebs cycle incoles the (oxidation/reduction) of high-energy electron carriers (______)
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REDUCTION;
NADH, FADH2 |
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Where would pyruvate dehydrogenase be expected to be found?
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in the mitochondria.
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Bacteria reproduce asexually in a process of simple cell division termed
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binary fission
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(T/F) transofrmation and conjucation can alter the genetic content of a bacterial cell but are not involved in cell division or reproduction.
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TRUE.
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THe complete oxidation of glucose yeilds under aerobic conditions yields:
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2ATP and 2NADH through glocyolysis;
2 NADH from pyruvate dehydrogenase 2 FADH2 from the Krebs Cycle 6NADH from the Krebs cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation: each NADH yeilds 2.5ATP, and each FADH2 yeilds 1.5 ATP. This all totals up to 32 ATP per glucose. |
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Amnt of ATP produced under aerobic conditions in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes.
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Eukaryotes:
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