Bio Second Exam

Front 1

the progressive increase of the Earth’s average temperature that has been occurring over the past century

Back 1

Global Warming

Front 2

total amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance

Back 2

heat

Front 3

measure of the intensity of heat—how fast the molecules in the substance are moving

Back 3

temperature

Front 4

can absorb and store large amounts of heat while warming up only a few degrees in temperature

Back 4

water

Front 5

is released into the atmosphere, where it can absorb heat, diffuse into the oceans, or be absorbed by forests and soils.

Back 5

CO2

Front 6

flows between plants and other organisms and so does energy

Back 6

carbon

Front 7

when plants use energy from sunlight to produce organic molecules

Back 7

photosynthesis

Front 8

the metabolism of organic molecules that produces not only energy but also carbon dioxide and water

Back 8

cellular respiration

Front 9

buried remains of ancient plants and microorganisms that have been transformed by heat and pressure into coal, oil, and natural gas

Back 9

fossil fuels

Front 10

5 Problems of Greenhouse Effect?

Back 10

1. Sea levels reise
2. Plants—forced migration
3. Affects polar bears, seals, and various species
4. Shrinking Glaciers from warming temperatures
5. Mountain Glaciers losing snow/ice caps

Front 11

Main function of cellular respiration?

Back 11

convert the energy stored in chemical bonds of foods into energy that cells an use

Front 12

stored in the electrons of chemical bonds

Back 12

energy

Front 13

chemical that cells use for their energy source

Back 13

ATP

Front 14

can supply energy to cells because it stores energy obtained from the movement of electrons that originated into its own bonds

Back 14

ATP

Front 15

are one of the four main categories of biological molecules required by cells (carbs, lipids, and proteins)

Back 15

nucleic acids

Front 16

are polymers of nucleotides

Back 16

nucleic acids

Front 17

consist of a nitrogenous base (ACGT) plus a sugar and a phosphate group

Back 17

nucleotides

Front 18

is a nucleotide TRIphosphate—meaning it has not one, but THREE phosphates with the base adenine and a sugar

Back 18

ATP

Front 19

each phosphate in the series of three is?

Back 19

negatively charged

Front 20

The phosphate group that is removed from ATP can be transferred to another molecule—adding a phosphate

Back 20

Phosphorylation

Front 21

ATP is synthesized by adding back a phosphate group to ADP during this process?

Back 21

cellular respiration

Front 22

Cells use glucose and oxygen to produce?

Back 22

carbon dioxide and water

Front 23

Because some of the steps in cellular respiration require oxygen, they are said to be?

Back 23

aerobic

Front 24

Cellular respiration is called?

Back 24

aerobic respiration

Front 25

begins at the beginning of the pathway, while proteins and fats enter at later points

Back 25

Carbohydrate metabolism

Front 26

is energy rich, but carbon dioxide and water are energy poor

Back 26

glucose

Front 27

The energy released during the conversion is used to?

Back 27

synthesize ATP

Front 28

6-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into?

Back 28

two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules

Front 29

First part of cellular respiration

Back 29

glycolysis

Front 30

Glycolysis occurs outside of any organelle, in the fluid?

Back 30

cytosol

Front 31

1. does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
2. produces small amount of ATP

Back 31

glycolysis

Front 32

is decarobxylated (loses a carbon dioxide molecule) and the 2-carbon fragment that is left is further metabolized inside the mitochondria

Back 32

pyruvic acid

Front 33

loses a carbon dioxide molecule

Back 33

decarobxylated

Front 34

organelles found in both plant and animal cells

Back 34

mitochondria

Front 35

surrounded by an inner and outer membrane

Back 35

mitochondria

Front 36

Space between the two membrane

Back 36

intermembrane space

Front 37

the semifluid medium inside the mitochondria

Back 37

the matrix

Front 38

once inside the M, the energy stored in the bonds of pyruvic acid is converted into?

Back 38

energy stored in the bonds of ATP

Front 39

A series of reactions catalyzed by eight different enzymes

Back 39

Kreb's Cycle

Front 40

Breaks down remains of a carbohydrate, harvesting its electrons and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Back 40

Kreb's Cycle

Front 41

the first reactant in the Kreb's cycle, a 4-carbon molecule called?

Back 41

oxaloacetate