Bio Sci Ii Exam Notes

Front 1

name two of the phylums named for Kingdom Protista

Back 1

Sarcodina, Ciliophora

Front 2

Characteristics of Protista

Back 2

primarily single celled, nucleus, ± mitochondria, ± chloroplast, ± cell wall
reproduction, asexual reproduction, ± meiosis, autotrophic/ Heterotrophic, pseudopodia/flagella/Cilia

Front 3

Characteristics of Sarcodina

Back 3

movement by pseudopodia, reproduction: asexual by binary fission, sexual-rare or unknown

Front 4

Parts to know of the Sarcodina

Back 4

plasma membrane,ectoplasm, endoplasm,organelles.
--some are parasitic in humans

Front 5

Characteristics of Ciliophora

Back 5

movement by cilia, asexual reproduction

Front 6

Parts to Know of Ciliophora

Back 6

plasma membrane, organelles,mouth (oral groove), gullet, pellicle

Front 7

Characteristics of invertebrates

Back 7

multicellular,heterotrophic, aerobic resiration, asexual reproduction, motility

Front 8

germ layers of the invertebrate embryo

Back 8

ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

Front 9

body organization of Invertebrates

Back 9

Symmetry:
radial symmetry: completely symetrical
bilateral symmetry: only symmetrical longitudily.

Front 10

what is Acoelom, Psuedocoelom,Coelom

Back 10

Acoelom: no space in cavity
Psuedocoelom: appearance t have space
Coelom: open space in cavity things are segmented

Front 11

Origin of Animals

- hypothetical origins:

Back 11

ciliate ancestry: organisms lived symbioticly with other organism which eventually became the organelles
colonial ancestry: groups of the organisms lived symbiotically in a group for survival

Front 12

some examples of kingdom Placozoan

Back 12

Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (Hydra, jellyfish)

Front 13

what are the scientifc names for the phylum for flatworms and classes: hydra, flukes/leeches, tapeworms)

Back 13

Phylum: Platyhelminthes class: Turbellaria(hydra) Trematoda (flukes)
Cestoda (tapeworms)

Front 14

classes of Phylum Mollusca (clams, snails, octopus)

Back 14

Amphineura-:Chitons
Scaphopoda: tooth or tusk shells
Gastropoda Snails and slugs
Pelecypoda: bivalves
Cephalopoda: Squids&octopuses

Front 15

characteristics of Annelidia (worms)

Back 15

1. Bilateral symmetry
2.Non-tapering segmented body
3.Each segment contains bristles(setae)
4.Body plan:
-body wall and digestive system with layers of muscles
-Coelom present, usually divided by septa
-Digestive system complete, extending through organism
-Circulatory system closed
-Respiration via skin or gills
-Excretory system composed of paired nephridia(like a kidney)
-Also deals with osmoregulation
- nervous system organized, brain present with ventral nerve cord

Front 16

three classes of annelids and characteristics of each

Back 16

1. Hirudinea (leaches) posterior and anterior suckers for attachment- anterior- oral sucker leads from pharynx to anus
2. Polychaeta
Many setae, gills, primarily marine
3.Oligochaeta (earthworm)
-Few bristles -segments are numbered

Front 17

Characteristics of Arthropoda(insects, spiders, crabs)

Back 17

1.Bilateral symmetry
2.Body segmented: head,thorax,abdomen areas
3.exoskeleton:composed chitin
4.coelmate
5. jointed(hinged) appendages
1 pair per area
5.Body plan:
a.Digestive system complete
b.Circulatory system open
c.Respitory system, gills or tubes
d.Specialized sensory structures
a.Eyes(usually more then 2)
b.Antennae
e.Dimorphic

Front 18

Classes of Arthropoda

Back 18

1.Merostomata(horseshoe crabs)- no antennae, four pairs of legs,marine
2.Arachnida(spiders,mites,ticks) –not antennae,
3.Diplopoda(millipedes) one pair of antenna, two pairs of legs per seg
4.Centipedes
5.Insects(insects) one pair of antennae, three pair of legs, mostly terestiral
6.Crustacea(lobsters,crabs)

Front 19

Echinodermata, (starfish,sea urchin, sea dollars)
Characteristics:

Back 19

1radial to bilateral symmetry
Depends on organism
2. coelmate
3. body plan:
coelom ciliated, cavity with fre cells( amoebacytes),
4. water vascular system- system of interconnected tubes,- regulate the amount of water in the organism,
5. reproduction- sexes separate, sperm and egg

Front 20

5 classes of Echinodermata

Back 20

1.Echinoidea-sea urchins and sand dollars
2.Crinoidea-sea lily (flower like)
3.Ophiuroidea-brittle stars
4.Holothuroida-sea cucumbers
5.Asteroidea-starfish

Front 21

characteristics of Kingdom: Chordata--vertebrates

Back 21

1. notochord: first formed skeletal supporting structure, long rod that runs the length of the body, dorsal to the digestive system.
2. nerve chord: dorsal tube parallel to notochord, anterior portion enlargedforms brain
3. pharyngeal gill slits: on either side of pharynx, feeding and or respiration, all higher chordates have themmany only during early embryonic stages
4. tail: at least in embryo

Front 22

Major Taxa
-subphyla; of Chordata

Back 22

1. Urochordata-tunicates(sea squirts);
occur in intertidal zone to deep sea environments, filter feeders passing water through gill slits-food/respiration. Two distinct phases; juvenile form- bilaterally symmetrical, motile. Adult form-radial symmetry, non motile

2. Cephalochordata-lancelets; small fish-like animals, notochord and nerve tube/cord along entire body, persistent in adulthood

3. Verebrata-spinal animals; largest group of chordate,-notochord becomes replaced by a vertebral column segmented spinal column as the supportive axis,-brain enclosed by a brain case,

Front 23

Agnatha(jawless fish); large group plentiful during Cambrian period, earliest jawless fish were?

Back 23

ostracoderms-bottom dwellers filter feeder, body covered by bony armored plates, skeletal system-notochord terminated anteriorly in enlarged brain case
-extant ostracoderms;two lines survived hagfish and lampreys

Characteristics: cartilidge

-hagfish: scavengers, feed by rasping tongue

-lamprey: rasping tongue modified around in oral sucker

Front 24

Jawed fish: earliest jawed fish were bottom feeders, gill supporting structures became modified into a jaw bone like projections served as teeth, despite a large amount of adaptive radiation placoderms became extinct during the Carboniferous period.

Back 24

placoderms; ostracoderms

Front 25

Amphibians(Amphibia): evolved from lobe finned fish. name characteristics

Back 25

thick boney skeleton.
tetrapods-4 limbs.
Respiration via; gills, lungs, epidermis

Front 26

Important parts of frog anatomy both external and Internal

Back 26

1.External anatomy(frog): Head,mouth, nares(nostrils), eyes, tympanic membrane(eardrum), Trunk: forelimbs-hand with 4 fingers,
leg-foot with 5 toes
Cloacal opening-

2.Internal anatomy:
a.Buccopharyngeal ccavity-oral cavity; mouth-tongue, esophagus, jaws-upper/lower, teeth-maxillary upper jaw, vomerine in palate(holds food)
bTorso: abdominal vein, stomach, pyloric sphincter, small intestine, liver-3 lobed, large intestine, cloaca, lungs, brain-5 lobed, spinal cord

Front 27

Characteristics of Reptillia (reptiles)
--First truly terrestrial group

Back 27

scaly skin, Internal fertilization, Amniote eggs

Front 28

Aves(bird): one group of reptiles(dinosaurs) underwent evolutionary modification. Evolutionary adaptations?

Back 28

wings; modified forelimb,

bone too dense; to reduce weight, bone became honeycombed.

Respiration enhanced; flight heavily dependent on energy, respiration means for energy production(ATP), lungs connected to ventilating sacs which allow for more oxygen uptake.

Circulation enhanced; to get oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

heart modified, heart large in proportion to body-4 chambered, clear demarcation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood,

Front 29

Mammalia(Mammals): Characteristics

Back 29

Hair;
mammary glands; Gland produces nutritious fluids for young offspring.

Front 30

three lineages of Mammalia

Back 30

Monotremes-egg layers
Marsupials-pouches
Eutherians-placental

Front 31

Monotreme characteristics

Back 31

egg laying mammals.- extant species: duck billed-platypus, spiny anteater. –most primitive mammals, amniotic egg laid& incubated. Hatchling continues development in a temporary skin pouchcontains nipples for suckling

Front 32

Marsupial characteristics

Back 32

egg laying mammals.- extant species: duck billed-platypus, spiny anteater. –most primitive mammals, amniotic egg laid& incubated. Hatchling continues development in a temporary skin pouchcontains nipples for suckling

Front 33

Eutherians characteristics

Back 33

Placental mammals: amniotic egg laid& incubated internally. –developing fetus exchanges material with mother indirectly.—Placentasponge like tissue formed by both mother and fetus.-placental develops in the uterus: material passed from one to the other. – end result is fully formed offspring.