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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plastids |
Structure that stores alpha-glucose in plants in form of starch |
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Peripheral Proteins |
Proteins loosely associated with the lipid bilayer |
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Integral Proteins |
Proteins firmly bound to the lipid bilayer |
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Transmembrane Proteins |
Proteins that do not extend across all of the lipid bilayer |
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Microfilaments |
Structures that are involved in cell mobility (E.g. muscle contractions) |
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Tubulin |
Protein that makes up microtubules |
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Pinocytosis |
Cell intake of liquids ("cell-drinking") |
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Bulk Flow |
Flow of molecules through pressure (E.g. Blood flow) |
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Dialysis |
Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Desmosomes |
Connect adjacent cells together |
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Gap Junctions |
Facilitate communication between adjacent cells |
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Tight junctions |
Bring cells close together to prevent leaks and seal off body cavities |
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Cuticle |
Produced by the upper epidermis to protect cells (Analogous to skin in humans) |
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Upper epidermis |
Produces cuticle |
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Palisade Parenchyma |
Cells close to the leaves surface rich in chloroplasts; store sugars and starches in roots of plants |
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Spongy Parenchyma |
Allow for diffusion of gases across leaves |
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Vascular bundles |
Vessels that transport materials through the plant (Analogous to blood vessels in humans) |
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Stomates |
Openings that allow for gas exchange and transpiration |
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Euchromatin |
When genetic material is loose in nucleus and active |
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Heterochromatin |
Genetic material fully condensed and inactive |
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Phosphodiester bonds |
Bonds between nucleotides |
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Topoisomerase |
Enzyme that cuts and rejoins the helix to prevent tangling |
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Promoters |
Initiate transcription |
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Sense strand |
Strand that serves as a template for RNA |
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Antisense strand |
Dormant strand during RNA transcription |
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Exons |
Genetic sequences that code for codons |
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Introns |
Genetic sequences that do not code for anything |
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Chaperon Proteins |
Facilitate protein folding |
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Base substitutions |
When one base is substituted by another |
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Nonsense mutation |
Mutation that leads to early termination of protein synthesis |
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Missense mutation |
Mutation that alters codon that alters amino acid |
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Silent mutation |
Mutation alters codon for one that codes for same amino acid |
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Lytic Cycle |
Virus immediately replicates and bursts host cell |
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Lysogenic Cycle |
Virus DNA is incorporated into host's DNA and lies dormant until lysis cycle is activated |
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G1 Phase |
Cell produces enzymes necessary for DNA replication |
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S Phase |
DNA is replicated |
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G2 Phase |
Cell produces enzymes necessary for cell division |
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Kinetochore |
Structure of chromosomes, where spindle fibers attach |
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Synapsis |
When two homologous chromosomes join and undergo crossing-over |
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Promoter Gene |
Region where RNA polymerase begins transcription |
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Operator |
Region that controls whether transcription will occur |
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Regulatory protein |
Codes for specific repressor, that is capable of attaching to operator and blocking transcription |
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Inducer |
Opposite of repressor; binds to operator to turn on transcription |
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Incomplete Dominance |
When two alleles produce a mixed phenotype |
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Co-dominance |
When two alleles are manifested |
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Polygenetic Inheritance |
When a trait is controlled by several linked genes |
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Linked genes |
When one gene depends on the other |
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Barr Body |
Inactive X chromosome in female cells |
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Complement Proteins |
Lyse cell wall of antigens |
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Interferons |
Inhibit viral replication |
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Major Histocompatibility Complex |
How cells distinguish between self and foreing |
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Acetylcholine |
Neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract or relax |
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Acetylcholinesterase |
Breaks up extra acetylcholine left in synaptic cleft |
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Noripenephrine |
Stimulant neurotransmitter |
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GABA |
Inhibitor neurotransmitter |
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Growth Hormone |
Released by pituitary; stimulates growth |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Released by pituitary; stimulates adrenals to secrete corticoids |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Released by pituitary; stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
Released by pituitary; stimulates follicle growth (females) or spermatogenesis (males) |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Released by pituitary; released ovum during menstrual cycle (females) or testosterone production (males) |
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Prolactin |
Released by pituitary; stimulates mammary glands to produce milk |
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Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) |
Released by hypothalamus; regulates water intake |
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Oxytocin |
Released by hypothalamus; stimulates contractions of the uterus |
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Glucagon |
Released by pancreas; stimulates liver to release glucose |
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Insulin |
Released by pancreas; stimulates liver to store glucose |
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Glucocorticoids |
Released by adrenal cortex; release glucose and prepare body for stress |
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Mineralocorticoids |
Released by adrenal cortex; stimulate retention of water |
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Tyroxine |
Released by thyroid; regulates metabolism |
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Calcitonin |
Released by thyroid; decreased concentration of calcium |
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Parathyroid Hormone |
Released by parathyroid; increases concentration of calcium |
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Allopatric speciation |
Population becomes separated from another due to geographical barriers |
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Sympatric speciation |
New species form without any geographical barriers |
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Photoperiodism |
Flower responses to changes in amount of light |
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Thigmotropism |
Response to touch |
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r-strategists |
Many offsprings, less care of offsprings |
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K-strategists |
Less offspring, more care of offsprings |
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Tracheids and Vessel elements |
Chains of nonliving cells that transport water |
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Sieve tube members and companion cells |
Form a living tissue that transports sugar in plants |
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Follicular Phase |
FSH stimulates ovaries to grow, which releases estrogen. Estrogen thickens ovaries, which releases LH. LH triggers ovulation, making follicle burst, release ovum that moves into the fallopian tube |
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Luteal Phase |
Follicle becomes corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone develops and strengthens blood vessels. After 15, corpus luteum shuts down |
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Menstruation |
Body reabsorbs part of corpus luteum, the rest is shed into bleeding |
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Human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) |
Hormone released in case of pregnancy by fetus to strengthen uterine lining |
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Seminiferous tubules |
Where spermatogonia undergo meiosis |
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Epididymis |
Where spermatogonia mature |
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Interstitial cells |
Tissue that produces testosterone |
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Seminal Vesicles |
Secrete fluids that provide energy to sperm |
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Prostate gland |
Provides alkaline fluids to sperm that neutralizes the vagina's acidic fluid |
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Zygote |
Combination of sperm cell and ovum |
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Clevage |
Initial cell division from zygote |
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Morula |
Result of clevage; solid ball of cells |
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Blastula |
Fluid filled cavity with blastocoel is produced |
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Gastrula |
Cells differentiate into three germ layers |
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Ectoterm layer |
Produces skin, eyes, and nervous system |
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Mesoterm layer |
Gives rise to bones, muscles, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems |
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Endoderm |
Produces inner lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract; produces accessory organs such as pancreas, bladder and liver |
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Neurula stage |
Formation of notochord and neural tube cells |
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Yolk sac |
Provides nutrients to embryo |
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Amnion |
Forms a fluid-sac to protect embryo |
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Allantois |
Membrane involved in gas-exchanged; stores uric acid |
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Chorion |
Outermost membrane that surrounds other extraembryonic membranes |
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Homeotic genes |
Control development of embryo |
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Homeobox genes |
Encode for proteins that bind to DNA (differentiation) |
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Hox genes |
Specific homeobox genes that coordinate position of body parts |
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Homologous |
Similar structure; different function |
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Analogous |
Similar function; different structure |
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Pilus |
"Bridge" that transfers genetic information in conjugation |
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Perixosomes |
Detoxify substances in cell |
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Induced Fit |
Enzyme has to change its shape to accomodate substrates |
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Coenzymes |
Organic elements that help catalyze reactions |
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Cofactors |
Inorganic elements that help catalyze reactions |
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Allosteric sites |
Site in enzyme where substrates bind |
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Allosteric regulators |
Inhibit or activate enzymes |
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Divergent evolution |
When a species diverges into two new species |
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Convergent evolution |
When two separate species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures |
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Parthenogenesis |
Form of asexual reproduction in insects and lizards when the egg is developed without fertilization |
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Embyrogenesis |
Early stages of embryonic development |
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Vegetative propagation |
Asexual reproduction of plants |
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Glomerulus |
Filters fluid in kidney |
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Proximal convoluted tubule |
Absorbs glucose in kidney |
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Loops of Henle |
Filter salt and water; regulate concentration of urine |
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Collecting duct |
Where urine is stored |
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Bacteria |
Cell walls with peptidoglycans autotrophs and heterotrophs, unicellular |
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Animals |
No Cell walls and no chloroplasts and Heterotrophs |
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Fungi |
Cell walls of Chitin and Hetertrophs |
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Protista |
Cell walls of Cellulose and some have chloroplasts, most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular |
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Archaea |
Cells walls without peptidoglycans, autotrophs and heterotrophs, unicellular |
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Ecological succession |
Restoration of environment naturally |
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Habitat restoration |
Restoration of environment by humans |
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Gametophytes |
Haploid generation in plants |
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Sporophytes |
Diploid generation in plants |
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Amylase |
Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch |
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Sucrase |
Enzyme in small intestine that breaks down sucrose |
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Lipase |
Enzyme in small intestine that breaks down lipids |
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Pepsin |
Enzyme in stomach that breaks down proteins |
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Alcohol dehydrogenase |
Enzyme in stomach and liver that breaks down alcohol |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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Leukocytes |
White blood cells |
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Profundal zone |
Deep zone of a lake |
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Limnetic zone |
Open water zone of a lake (far from shore) |
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Littoral zone |
Open water zone of a lake (close to shore) |
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Abyssal zone |
Deep water zone of ocean |
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Pelagic zone |
Zones of the sea |
