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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Passive Transport
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- doesn't require energy
- simple diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion |
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Active Transport
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- requires energy
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Simple Diffusion
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- movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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Osmosis
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- the diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane
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Hypotonic
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When there is movement of water into the cell when the concentration of water is greater on the outside
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Hypertonic
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When the movement of water is out of the cell and the water concentration is greater inside of the cell
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Isotonic
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Water moves into and out of the cell at the same rate because the concentration of water is equal inside and outside of the cell.
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Crenation
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The process of shrinking and losing water in animal cells
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Cytolysis
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Is the swelling and bursting of animal cells
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Osmoregulation
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Is the control of water balance
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Turgor Pressure
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Plants rely on osmosis to regulate water pressure exerted on the inside of their cell walls. They wilt without it
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Plasmolysis
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Occurs when the cell membrane of a plant cell shrinks away from the cell wall due to being placed in a hypertonic environment
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Deplasmoysis
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The opposite of plasmolysis... It is the rehydration of plant cells due to being placed In a hypotonic environment.
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Facilitated diffusion
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Only matter that is soluble in lipids can pass through the lipid belayer through simple diffusion
- small molecules and ions pass through the pores created by the channel proteins |
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Active transport
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- movement of molecules against the concentration gradients
- it requires transport proteins and Energy |
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Endocytosis
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cells use it to bring in particles, by the cell membrane engulfing a particle and pinching it off in a transport vesticule to be sent anywhere in the cell
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Exocytosis
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Cells use exocytosis to remove large particles and transport wastes
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Membrane Technologies
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- the industrial use of sythnetics to mimic the action of membranes
- the study of receptor proteins that bind with specific molecules to bring them unto the cell by Endocytosis |
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Synthetic Membrane technology
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Liposomes are fluid filled sacs surrounded by a phospholipid belayer identical to the membrane in human cells.
Advantages: - liposomes stay in the blood for a longer time that medication - deliver treatment to target cells only - used in gene therapy to inject DNA into cancer cells to kill them |
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Dialysis
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- rids the body of toxins, wastes and excess fluid
- two types available for people with kidney failure. - both based on the principle of diffusion and osmosis |
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Hemodialysis
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- must be preformed in a hospital
- blood is removed from the body, cleansed and returned |
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Peritoneal Dialysis
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- catheter is inserted into the abominal cavity
- fluid is pumped in - toxins move down the concentration gradient and are then removed from the body |
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Single Cellular vs multicellular
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- can live individually or in colonies
- they are small, many microscopic - once they reach a certain size in colonies they require multicellular organization - which results in the development of specialized cells and tissues |
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Shoots System
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-Everything Above ground
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Roots System
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Everything below ground
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Levels of tissue
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1. Dermal
2. Vascular 3. Ground |
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Dermal tissue
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- protects the plant from disease
- is on the outside of the plant (eg. Cuticle) - the outside layer of the cell that covers all non woody plants - one cell layer thick - responsible for the exchange of matter and gases, into and out of the plant - dermal tissue of the leaves and stem are involved in gas exchange - protects from disease |
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Ground Tissue
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- found as a layer beneath the epidermis
- provided support and strength in the stem - involved in food and water storage - location where photosynthesis occurs (leaves) - air spaces between cells allow gasses to diffuse |
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Vascular Tissue
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- responsible for the transport of materials
- contain the phloem and the xylem |
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Vascular Bundle: Xylem and Phloem
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Xylem: moves after and dissolves minerals from the roots to the stem. And is made up of tracheids
Phloem: transport of sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant. And is made up of sieve tubes and companion cells |
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Meristem
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- growth region of the plant with tissue in which cells divide by mitosis
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Cuticle
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- waxy, non cellular waterproof coating that covers a plants stem and leaves
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Root Hairs
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Absourbed water and minerals
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Guard Cells
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Swell and contract to control gas exchange through a stoma in a leaf
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Stomata
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Pores that allow gases to pass through the epidermis of a leaf
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The leaves
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The main purpose is to carry out photosynthesis
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Palisade cells
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Contain chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts
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-are organelles
- carry out photosynthesis - contain chlorophyll - chlorophyll traps light |
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Photosynthesis
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- photo "light" and synthesis "putting together"
- is a proces that converts CO2, water, oxygen and sugar - occurs in the palisade cells - it occurs primarily in the leaves - needs light, cannot occur in the dark |
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Photosynthesis equation
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-Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy -----> Glucose + Oxygen
- 6H2O + 6 CO2 + Energy -----> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 |
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Cellular Respiration
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-Occurs in all organisms
- it occur the mitochondria - converts sugar and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water and ATP - 1 glucose molecule can be converted to 36 ATP |
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Cellular respiration Equation
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- glucose + oxygen ----> water + carbon dioxide
- C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 (36 ATP) - they take in O2 and break down glucose and release water and carbon dioxide |
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Gas Exchange in Plants
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Involves the taking in of CO2 (photosynthesis) and the letting out of O2 (photosynthesis)
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Stomata
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- Are tiny pores on the underside of the leaves
- vary in amount and size due to to environment - they are where CO2 diffuses in and O2 and H20 diffuse out - their size is controlled by guard cells - in hot, dry conditions there will be very few but in humid conditions there will be many |
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Sponges Mesophyll
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- in the middle of the leave and contains some chlorophyll
- moved o2 towards the stomata and co2 towards the palisade cells |
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Transport in Plants
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-Is the movement of H20, minerals and C6 H12 O6
- occurs as a result of adhesion, cohesion and root pressue |
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Adhesion
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The attraction of h2O to other types of molecules
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Cohesion
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The attraction of H 2O to other H2O molecules because they are polar
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Root Pressue
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- caused by the swelling of roots cells
- forces water and minerals up the xylem |
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Transpiration Pull
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- forces h20 up the xylem
- is a result of cohesion - it pulls on h20 molecules as h2o evaporates - this evaporation occurs in the stomata and is called transpiration |
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Water Potential
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- predicts the direction that water will diffuse
- has two components that are solute potential and pressure potential - solute potential has the formula ⬛️=⬛️S +⬛️P - Pressue potential is either negative or positive tension on the solution |
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Control Systems
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- are how plants respond to their environment (stimulus)
- are used by plants to respond to a s stimulus |
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Stimulus
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- is a change in the environment that causes an organism to react
- tropism is a response |
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Types of stimulus
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Temperature, chemicals, water, touch, length of daylight hours, light and gravity
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Phototropism
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Is a plants response to light that can be either positive or negative
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Positive phototropism
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- plant grows towards the light because the tip of the plant detects light and sends out auxin (hormone). To the meristem region where growth occurs
- the effect is that the plant bends toward the light |
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Negative phototropism
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-growth away from the sunlight
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Gravitopism
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Is a plants response to gravity that is either positive or negative
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Positive Gravitopism
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Growth in the same direction as gravity, eg roots
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Negative Gravitopism
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Is growth in the opposite direction of gravity, eg stem
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