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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a solution?
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mixture in which one substance is dissolved ( fits in b/w spaces) of another substance
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What is the substance beinging disolved called?
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solute ex sugar
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What is the substance doing the dissolving called?
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solvent
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There are 3 types of solutions in which cells can be found name them.,
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Isotonic solution
Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution |
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what is the universal solvent?
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water (aqueous solution)
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In an isotonic solution what is the concentration of solutes in and outside the cell?
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concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside cell.
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In istonic solution is there any movement of water?does pressure change?
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NO movement of water and no change in pressure so no change in overall appearance of cell.
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Concentration solute in Hypertonic?
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concentration solutes outside cell greater than concentration of solutes inside cell.
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What happens to cell in hypertonic solution? (pressure/water movement)
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net movement water out from cell pressure decreases
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what is it called when an animal cell shrinks?
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when it shrivels/ shrinks it is called CRENATION.
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what is it called when contents of plant cell move away from cell wall to vacuole?
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Plasmolysis- cell gets soft/flaccid
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What is it called when water moves into a plant cell?
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Turgidity- cell becomes rigid
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the concentration in a hypotonic solution?
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concentration solutes outside cell less than concentration solutes inside cell/
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what happens to a cell in hypotonic solution?
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net movement water into cell pressure will increase inside cell
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what is it callled when water moves into animal cell?
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Hemolysis-cell explands and bursts
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name the solution in a, b, c
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Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
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why is it important for hospitals to prepare IV solutions with great care?
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because you don't want it to undergo crenation or hemolysis
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what is reducing sugar give 2 examples.
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carbohydrate that contains aldehyde group and can be oxidized losses electrons to form carboxyl group ex glucose/lactose.
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what is a negative/positive control?
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negative control shows no chang ewhen testing agent added substance testing for absent vice versa
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what solution do you use to test for reducing sugar? colour it turns present/not present
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Benedicts solution-red/blue
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what solution do you use to test for starch? colour present/not presnt
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iodine dark blue/ orange
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what solution do you use to test for protein?
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Biuret Reagent blue/light purple
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what solution for lipid?
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Sudan III dye
top layer red bottom layer colourless/completely red |
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what is a cell responsible for?
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structure and function of all living things
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state the 3 pts. of modern cell theory
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1) all cells come from pre-existing cells
2) living things are comprised of at least one cell 3)cells basic structure & functional units of living things |
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what are the 2 general types of cells?
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Animal cell
Plant cell |
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know animal cell organelles.
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zdsxcxdassa
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know plant cell organelle
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dsvfzs
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what is the difference b/w plant & animal cells
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animal cell- spherical, has many small vacuoles, no chlorpast, no cell wall, no plastid
plant cell- rectangular, has few large vacuoles, has chlorplast, has cell wall, has platid. |
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what is plastid?
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plant cell organelle involved in photosynthesis and storage.
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how are plastids classified?
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according to colour.
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give examples of plastids
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green-chloroplast
red- chromoplast colorless-luocoplasts |
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Is mitochondrion double or single membrance
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double
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what is the shape of mitochondrion?
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rod
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what is the inner layer of mitochondrion called?
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cristae
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In which organelle is the site of ATP production? ATP through which process
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Mitochondrion, cellular respiration
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what are paired cylindrical bodies composed of 9 triplets of mirotubles?
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centrioles
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What do centrioles form?
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mitosis-spindles,aster rays
also form-bases cilia and flagella |
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what is vacuole?
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bubble-like sac involved storage cell materials (especially water)
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what is cytoplasm?
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jelly-like fluid holds cell organelles in place
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what is nucleolus composed of? what does it make?
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composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
site of ribosome production |
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What does nuclear membrane do? is it single/double membrane?
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protects nucleus and controls passage of materials into and out from nucleus
double |
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what is nucleus what does it do?
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spherical structure located near middle cell. controls all cell activities
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what is rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for. Is it double membrane? where is it found?
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double membrane transport system. extends nucleus to cell membrane.
transports material throughout cell. |
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Golgi body? what does it do.
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sac flattened smoothed membrane sacs associated vesicales.
packages modifies, separates proteins for release from cell. |
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what are microtubules made of and what is their function?
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made of tubulin protein
support cell give it shape and from centrioles |
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Ribosomes are small particles which are the sites of ______________________
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Protein synthesis
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smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum? what is it's function?
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membranous system of sacs/tubules
site lipid and steroid production and lipid metabolism |
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what does cell membrane do what does it consist of
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double layer phospholipids w/ protein embedded in it.
controls passage of material into and out from animal cell. |
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what is the fluid inside chloroplast called?
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stroma
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what is the space b/w cristae caled?
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matrix
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membrane?
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thin sheet like sturctures which enclose contents of all cells and enclose contents of organelles w/in cells
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what does the channel protein have that allows facilitated diffusion to occur?
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hdrophilic interior provide aqueous channel which polar molecules can pass when channel open.
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what model was proposed to describe membrane structure?
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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what is fluid mosaic model.
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states membrane consists of double layer phospholipids w/ proteins embedded it it.
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what is the lipid in membrane
what is the protein in membrane |
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein |
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are there carbohydrate chains in a membrane?
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yes
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Hydrophilic phosphate heads are__________ membrane surface and hydrophobic lipid tails are located in the ___________ of the ____________
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towards
center membrane |
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what does the term fluid refer to?
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state of membrance lipids/proteins move freely
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what direction do proteins and lipids move in bilayer phospholipids?
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lateral direction
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does the membrane fluidity decrease when lipids posses more unsaturated fatty acids chains due to presence of cholesterol?
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no fluidity increases
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what does the term mosiac refer to in membrane?
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mosaic type distribution proteins w/in membrane
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where do proteins float in membrane? what does it look like
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float in fluid bilayer like ice bergs (globular/spherical units)
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Name the two classification of protein and define
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Integral(intrinsic)- proteins embedded partly/completely in bilayer
peripheral (extrinsic)-proteins attached to surface bilayer |
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what is the composition of membrance
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80%phospholipids
20% cholesterol |
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name the 5 types of molecules of cell membrane
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phopholipid, fibrous protein, glycoprotein, pore protein, channel protein.
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since the cell is mostly lipid does it only allow non-polar lipid-soluable molecules to pass through it? give examples
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yes O2, CO2, and sterioids
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do polar water soluble substances ( glucose, amino acids, ions, water) need help of various proteins in the membrane to pass through?
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Yes
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what is membrane permability?
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ability membrance to permit passage of material through it
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name classification of permability
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permeable
impermeable selectively permeable |
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what is it called when concentration of substances in the cell is equal to outside the cell?
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dynamic equilbrium
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there are 2 processes by which substances travel across membrane name them and define
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passive transport- no energy requ.
active transport- energy ATP requi. |
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does passive transport follow concentration gradient from high con. to low con.?
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yes
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name 3 types passive transport define
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diffusion- high con. to low con
osmosis-only water high con. to low con. facilitated diffusion- diffusion ions w/ assistance membrane protein |
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5 factors affecting rate diffusion
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molecule size
molecule charge ion molecule polarity temperature pressure |
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what is osmosis-
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movement water from area higher concentration to area of lower concentration across semi-permeable membrane
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what main molecule in human body need faciliated diffusion
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glucose
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where does facilitated diffusion occur
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channel proteins/ carrier proteins
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what do carrier proteins have that help things pass across membrane?
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bind specifically to molecule much like enzyme to substrate
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ATP?
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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2 main types of active transport difference?
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primary-uses ATP directly
secondary-Indirectly uses ATP |
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example of primary active transport?
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sodium-potassium pump
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example secondary active transport?
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hydrogen-sucrose pump
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Electro chemical gradient?
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created during primary active transport which ions are pumped out cell.
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how do sucrose molecules travel against concentration gradient
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due attaching to H+ ions
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can macro molecules pass through cell membrane.
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yes membrane assisted transport
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two forms assisted transport define.
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Endocytosis- cell membrane engulfs extracellular material bring inside cell
Exocytosis- vacuole joins w. cell membrane releases its contents outside cell |
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3 types of endocytosis-
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phagocytosis-food vacuole
pinocytosis-vesicle (fluid) Receptor-mediated endocytosis- hormones specific molecules |
