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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebral Hemorrhage
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Blood vessel in the brain ruptures.
Bleeding in the brain |
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Two main types of Cerebral Hemorrhaging are:
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1. Subarachnoid: bleeding on the surface of the brain
2. Intercerebral: artery very deep in the brain ruptures |
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Cerebral Ischemia
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Disruption of blood supply to the brain due to a blood clot
(lack of 02 to the brain) |
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Cerebral Ischemia is typically caused by:
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Atherosclerosis: narrowing of arteries due to a build up of fat deposits, high cholesterol or genetics.
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An Ischemic stroke is one of two types. They are: Thrombotic or Embolic
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A blood clot forms in an artery leading to the brain
A blood clot forms elsewhere and moves to the brain |
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Damage due to Cerebral Ischemia:
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Excess release of the NT Glutamate.
This release causes NMDA receptors to overactivate, leading to an influx of Na+ and Ca+ This influx leads to more release of glutamate Ultimately killing the neuron |
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tPA
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clot buster for cerebral Ischemia that works within 3hrs of administration
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Punch Drunk Syndrome
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Intellectual deterioration (dementia pugilistica or chronic traumatic encephalopathy)
Loss of memory. speech problems, loss of executive functioning |
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Brain Infections: VIRAL
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Some attack the Neural Tissue (rabies)
Some attack the Neural System (no preference) (mumps & herpes) Viruses may lie dormant for years |
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Brain Infections: BACTERIAL
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Abscesses
Pockets of Pus M(inflammation) of Minigies causing Meningitis Treatment: antibiotics and penicillin Syphilis |
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Neurotoxins
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Toxins that affect nerve cells
may enter GI tract, lungs, skin (mercury, led) The Mad Hatter- hat makers sometimes went mad from mercury exposure some produce tardive dyskinseia |
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Korsacoff's Syndrome
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excessive alcohol
dementia caused by thiamine deficiency |
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Why are most neuropsychological diseases of genetic origin associated with recessive genes?
What is an exception? |
Because most with these disorders to not reproduce
one exception is Huntington's disease. *Downs Syndrome- extra 21st chromosome |
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Epilepsy
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Primary symptom: seizures
Causes are: genetic, neurotoxins, tumours Diagnosed with EEG |
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Partial Epilepsy
General Epilepsy |
Does not involve the whole brain
-Complex seizures: restricted to the temporal lobe -compulsive/repetitive behaviours -no recollection of seizure Simple seizures: Symptoms are sensory, motor or both Involves the whole brain. Grand-mal: loss of consciousness, tonic(rigid)-clonic(tremors) convulsions Petit mal-disruption of consciousness (spaced out) |
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Parkinson's Disease
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movement disorder
onset age 60 deterioration of the substantia nigra which produces dopamine treated with L-dopa treatment: deep brain stimulation |
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Huntington's Disease
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onset: 40
begins with fidgetiness and progresses to jerky movements of entire limbs and severe dementia genetic- mutation of the *dominant Huntington gene |
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Progressive
attacks CNS Myelin leaves areas of had scar tissue (sclerosis) symptoms: muscle weakness, numbness, tremor, loss of motor coordination it is an autoimmune disorder- meaning the immune system attacks the myelin |
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Sensory Memory
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Audio/visual input
not fully paying attention/rehearsing |
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Working/Short Term Memory
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Rehearse to maintain information we want to remember
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Long-Term Memory
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Implicit: memory that is automatic and not conscious (memory for learned skills)
Explicit: stuff we are aware/conscious that we learn and want to remember |
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Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory |
e- autobiographical knowledge that can be reconstructed, remembering
"where were you on 9/11" s- Memory for Facts world,object and language knowledge |
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Retrograde Amnesia
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affects memory PRIOR to injury
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Anterograde Amnesia
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affects the ability to form new memories after injury
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Medial Temporal Lobe
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Contains the two hippocampi and their surrounding tissue
critical for memory and learning |
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CA1
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Area of the hippocampus- largest cell layer exiting the hippocampus
damage to this area can cause amnesia |
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Alzheimer's Disease
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initially mild memory deterioration, leads to severe dementia
fewer neurons and synapses decrease in acetylcholine what causes cell loss? Plaques: abnormal clusters of beta amyloid protien Neutofibrillary Tangles: twisted strands of tao protein found in dead/dying neurons drugs that increase the NT acetylcholine (involved in memory) or inhibit production of beta amyloid |
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Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
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the plaques and tangles spread in a predictable fashion
early AD starts in hippocampus mild AD- Language areas Severe AD: entire cortex is affected |
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Hallmark signs of Alzheimer's Disease in the brain
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Shrivelled up cortex
severe damage to the hippocampus enlarged ventricles |
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Hebb's Theory
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memories are stored in short term by neural activity reverberating in loops, induces changes in the synapses involved leading to long-term storage
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Consolidation theory
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the hippocampus stores memories temporarily until they are transferred to a more permanent store
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Entorhinal Cortex
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(part of the hippocampus) that receives input from amyglada and from the prirhinal and parahippocampal areas
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prirhinal and parahippocampal areas
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regions of the limbic cortex tjat relay info between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain
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Outputs of the Hippocampus
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CA1 and the subiculum
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Fornix
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connects the mamillary bodies to the hippocampal formation, also supplies important neurotransmiter input (dopamine, seretonin) from brainstem to hippocampus
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Rhinal Cortex
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Plays an important role in object recognition.
**NOT the hippocampus, the hippocampus plays an important role in memory for spatial location |
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Place Cells in the Hippocampus
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a neuron that becomes active when in a particular location. possible reason why exam scores are better when you write in the class you learned in.
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Other areas of the brain involving memory:
Mediodorsal nucleus Basal Forbrain |
MN- Korsakoff's
BF- Alzheimer's |
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Inferotemporal cortex
Amygdala |
IC: visual perception of objects
A: emotional learning, leads to lack of learned fear (individuals who have bilateral damage to the amyglada cannot recognize or produce fear) |
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Prefrontal Cortex:
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ordering of events and working memory
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Cerebellum
Striatum |
memories for sensorimotor skills
associations between stimuli and responses |
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Perceptual learning
Stimulus-response learning motor learning relational learning |
object recognition
classical conditioning pointing, walking etc learning the relationships among stimuli (like the locations between 2 classes) |
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Hebb's postulate for learning
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: co-occurance of firings in pre and postsynaptic neurons is necessary for learning and memory
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Brocca's Area
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located in the left hemisphere of the brain, involved with language
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Brocca's Aphasia
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lage abscesses located in the Brocca's Area- loss of ability to produce/understand language
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Wernicke's Area
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left temporal lobe
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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string together words that don't make sense, referred to as to as "receptive language"- lost ability to make sense when they talk and also don't understand anything being said to them
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Wanda Test
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Tests "braindness" - one side is put to sleep, and various cognitive test are performed, "count backwards"- if the dominant hemisphere of the person is put to sleep, they'll stop counting and get confused ("dominant deactivation")
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Commissurotomy
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splitting apart the hemispheres
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Hemispherectomy
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taking out half the brain
used to treat certain types of epilepsy/brain tumours |
