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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Damasio
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The ventromedial prefrontal cortex creates a representation of bodily changes when you think about something 'as if' you were experiencing it. This guides executive function. Cards. Amygdala knows the good stack first. People with injury to ventromedial Prefrontal cortex, never knew.
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4 Major approaches to emotion
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James-Lange.
Cannon-Bard Schacter-Singer LeDoux |
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James-Lange theory
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The experience of bodily arousal IS the emotion.
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James-Lange theory support
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facial feedback
- When you hold a pencil in your teeth, and so are forced to 'smile' you think stuff funnier. Differences in introspection - People who knew what their hearts were doing, we more likely to report intense emotion. Spinal Cord injuries - The higher the injury the more muted the experience of the emotion. |
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James-Lange theory argument against
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BUT, for it to be so, each emotion much have a unique bodily arousal.
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Cannon-Bard
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Said James-Lange must be wrong, because our research shows that bodily arousal is not distinct. Downside- Couldn't explain why emotions were experienced different from each other.
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Schacter - Singer
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Addition to Cannon-Bard. Cognitive theory. We attribute emotions to non-specific bodily arousal.
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1962 Experiment
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Schacter & Singer took a group of students and told them they would get an injection of vitamins for memory task. Instead they got norepinephrine injection. One group in 'happy' waiting room. One in 'angry' waiting room. They identified themselves as happy or angry as per room. Downside, later analysis of data showed it's easier to label negative emotions.
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Le Doux
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Two pathways to emotion.
1- evolutionarily older, faster, inaccurate. Thalamus projects to amygdala. 2- evolutionarily newer, slower, more accurate. Thalamus projects to cortex. |
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Le Doux and irrational emotions and/or panic attacks
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Ex. Boy is beaten in a blue room. Later, as adult, has panic in blue room, even though he doesn't remember details. Amygdala can't determine what's dangerous of situation and what's not.
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Predatory aggression
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Hunting. Non-emotional. No indication of raised testosterone.
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Social Aggression.
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Hot. Emotional. Associated with higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of serotonin
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How to measure serotonin in humans.
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Look at 5-HIAA in CSF
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Hypothalamus makes which hormone?
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Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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Pituitary makes which hormone?
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Adrenal glands make which hormone?
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Cortisol
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What does Cortisol do?
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Negative feedback to the hypothalamus, pituitary & adrenal glands.
Reduces inflamation. Releases energy from liver- glycogen to glucose. |
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What does chronic Cortisol do?
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Destroys hippocampus.
Sensitizes amygdala. Weakens immune function. |
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What maintains circadian rhythm?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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What keeps circadian rhythm on a 24 hour cycle, instead of 24.5?
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Zeitgebers. Time keepers like light.
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the suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to the:
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Pineal gland which sucretes melatonin.
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What part of the hypothalamus initiates sleep?
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Ventrolateral Preoptic nucleus.
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The Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus projects:
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GABA to the reticular formation.
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What initiates waking.
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Norepinephrine from the Locus Coeruleus of the Reticular Formation projects throughout the cortex.
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Why sleep?
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To conserve energy.
To keep us safe. To restore the body (growth hormone is released during deep sleep) |
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When do we sleep walk?
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Usually during deep SWS, and not REM.
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When do we have the most deep sleep?
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Earlier in the night.
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When do we have the most REM?
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Later in the night, toward dawn.
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Stage 1 sleep characteristics
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EEG – irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves.
Brain Activity- Less than relaxed wakefulness, but higher than other sleep stages. |
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Stage 2 sleep characteristics
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Sleep Spindles.
K-complexes |
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What are sleep spindles?
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High amplitude waves during a longer burst that lasts at least half a second.
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What are K-complexes?
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Sharp, high- amplitude wave.
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Stage 3 and 4 sleep
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-Decrease heart rate, breathing, brain Activity
-More slow,large amplitude waves. |
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REM Characteristics
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-Decrease serotonin
-Brain is as active as when awake. Called Paradoxical Sleep -Temporary Muscle paralysis |
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REM possible disfunction
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If you don't get the temporary muscle paralysis, you may get REM behavior disorder.
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Why REM?
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-May help us consolidate memories. May help us forget what we don't need to know.
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Francis Crick's model
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Goal of REM is unlearning to leave room for what we must remember.
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Study on REM and memory
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-2 Groups in a memory task. One group prevented from getting REM.
The group that got more REM remembered better, than even they did previous to sleep and the group without REM remembered worse. |
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Hobson's activation-synthesis hypothesis
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Serotonin levels drop so reticular formation to fires randomly.
Acetylcholine increases in the cortex. Making the cortex especially ready to organize incoming stimuli. The cortex synthesizes this chaotic stimuli which is why dreams are so crazy. |
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Depressed people have:
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Insufficient serotonin, high cortisol. Abnormal sleep patterns.
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Why do depressed people likely have odd sleep patterns.
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Altered circadian rhythm, constant high cortisol. Also, low serotonin = they don't fall asleep.
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Treatments for Depression:
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MAOIs
Monoamine Oxidaise Inhibitors SSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ECT Electro-convulsive therapy |
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MAOIs
Monoamine Oxidaise Inhibitors |
Monoamine oxidase is a degrading enzyme, which degrade the monamines: serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine. Depressed people have lots of cotisol, but no ability to focus because of low norepinephrine. Downside, aged foods build up toxins, because monoamine oxidase break this down in the gut too.
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ECT
Electro-convulsive therapy |
Best guess is this increases neurotropins by giving the pathways a boost, and reestablishing weak ones. Possibly increases brain-derived neurotropic factor.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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insufficient GABA receptors? - Resulting in an overactive Locus Coerulus, and amygdala.
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Predisposition to PTSD
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small hippocampus may be a predisposing factorA weakened, smaller hippocampus may be providing insufficient negative feedback for cortisol
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Treatment for anxiety disorders
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antidepressants
benzodiazepines -Increase activity of GABA receptors, but can be addictive. |
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seasonal affective disorder
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insufficient zeitgebers?
full-spectrum light can be effective |
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ADHD
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underactive frontal cortex: Could be that you grow out of it, because perhaps your frontal cortex just took longer to myelinate. Treated by stimulants because they stimulate the frontal cortex by agonizing dopamine and you have more impulse control.
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autism
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failure in apoptosis? (cell death)
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Prevalence of schizophrenia
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1% of population across cultures, but more common for those born in Winter months.
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negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Don't seem to need social interactions the way normal people do. Have inappropriate emotions. Can't guess what other people are thinking.
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Physiological differences in schizophrenics:
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enlarged ventricles (atrophied amygdala and hypothalamus).
Unusual cell organization. underactive frontal cortex |
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positive symptoms of schizoprenia
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hullicinations and delusions.
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Possible causes of schizophrenia
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Insufficient cortical lateralization – When they are talking/listening, unlike us both hemisphere's are going.
Excessive dopamine receptors at the nucleus accumbens – So their lives feel more meaningful when they aren't on meds which makes it really hard to get them on meds. Insufficient dopamine receptors in the frontal cortex - less impulse control. |
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Treatment of schizophrenia
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dopamine antagonists
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Treatment of schizophrenia may have what negative side effect?
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tardive dyskinesia which looks a lot like Parkinsons
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Real life support for consolidating memory during REM.
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We experience more REM on stimulating days. Infants experience more REM.
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What does Benzodiazepines do?
Downside? |
Stimulate GABA receptors.
Addictive. |
