Bio Psych Ch 7

Front 1

Six Stages of Nervous System Development

Back 1

1. neurogenesis
2. cell migration
3. differentiation
4. synaptogenesis
5. cell death
6. synapse rearrangement

Front 2

zygote

Back 2

fertilized egg

Front 3

ectoderm

Back 3

outer cellular layer of the developing fetus giving rise to the skin and nervous system

Front 4

neural tube

Back 4

embryotic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

Front 5

neural groove

Back 5

in the developing embryo, the groove between the neural folds

Front 6

forebrain

Back 6

(prosencephelon) frontal division of the neural tube containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

Front 7

midbrain

Back 7

(mesencephalon) the middle division of the brain

Front 8

hindbrain

Back 8

(rhombencephalon) the rear division of the brain; in the mature vertebrate the hindbrain contains the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla

Front 9

embryo

Back 9

the earliest stage in a developing animal

Front 10

fetus

Back 10

a developing individual after the embryo stage

Front 11

neurogenesis

Back 11

production of nerve cells

Front 12

mitosis

Back 12

cell division

Front 13

ventricular zone

Back 13

region lining the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life

Front 14

cell-cell interactions

Back 14

general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring, cells

Front 15

cell migration

Back 15

the movement of cells from site of origin to final location

Front 16

radial glial cells

Back 16

glial cells that form early in development spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres and guide migrating neurons

Front 17

cell adhesion molecule (CAM)

Back 17

protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding

Front 18

expression

Back 18

the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene

Front 19

Cell differentiation

Back 19

developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics

Front 20

in vitro

Back 20

outside the body

Front 21

Cell-autonomous

Back 21

referring to the cell processes that are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells

Front 22

notochord

Back 22

a midline structure arising early in the embryonic development of vertebrates

Front 23

induction

Back 23

process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cell

Front 24

regulation

Back 24

an adaptive response to early injury as when developing individuals compensate for missing or injured cells

Front 25

stem cell

Back 25

cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell

Front 26

process outgrowth

Back 26

the extensive growth of axons and dendrites

Front 27

synaptogenesis

Back 27

the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

Front 28

Growth Cone

Back 28

the growing tip of an axon or dendrite

Front 29

Filopodia

Back 29

very fine tubular outgrowths from the cone

Front 30

Lamellipodia

Back 30

sheetlike extensions of a growth cone

Front 31

Chemoattractants

Back 31

compunds that attract particular classes of growth cones

Front 32

Chemorepellents

Back 32

compounds that repel particular classes of growth cones

Front 33

Cell death/Apoptosis

Back 33

developmental process where surplus of cells must die

Front 34

death gene

Back 34

a gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death

Front 35

Caspases

Back 35

family of proteins that regulates cell death

Front 36

Diablo

Back 36

protein released by mitochondria in response to high calcium levels that activates apoptosis

Front 37

inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)

Back 37

family of proteins that inhibit caspases and thereby stave off apoptosis

Front 38

Bcl-2

Back 38

family of proteins that regulate apoptosis

Front 39

Cell Death Process (5 steps)

Back 39

1. influx of calcium ions from outside the cell and the release of calcium ions from internal stores
2. high levels of calcium invade mitochondria, the Diablo protein is released inside the cell
3. Diablo binds to IAPs so they cant block caspases
4. caspases destroys various proteins and DNA of cell causing death
5. family of Bcl-2 proteins can inhibit apoptosis by blocking release of Diablo from mitochondria

Front 40

Neurotrophic Factor

Back 40

target-derived chemical that acts as if it "feeds" certain neurons to help them survive

Front 41

Nerve Growth Factor

Back 41

substance that affects the growth of neurons in spinal ganglia and in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 42

Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor

Back 42

a protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive

Front 43

Neurotrophin

Back 43

a chemical that prevents neurons from dying

Front 44

Synapse Rearrangement

Back 44

loss of some synapses and the development of other; a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development

Front 45

Developmental Systems Theory Components (5)

Back 45

1. development as construction
2. context sensitivity and contingency
3. joint determination by multiple causes-interchangeability
4. Distributed control
5. extended inheritance
4.

Front 46

Traditional Darwinism

Back 46

natural selection as an external force acting on randomly produced variants that arise through genetic mutation

Front 47

William Bateson

Back 47

saw the developmental variants can arise discontinuously and for a variety of reasons; focused on internal forces of evolutionary change

Front 48

multiple sclerosis

Back 48

widespread degeneration of myelin

Front 49

Genotype or Genome

Back 49

all the genetic info that one specific individual has inherited

Front 50

Phenotype

Back 50

the sum of an individual's physical characteristics at one particular time

Front 51

mutation

Back 51

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication

Front 52

mutant

Back 52

animal carrying a gene that differs from the norm or from the alleles carried by its parents

Front 53

Amblyopia

Back 53

reduced visual acuity not caused by optical or retinal impairments

Front 54

Binocular Deprivation

Back 54

depriving both eyes from vision as by sealing the eyelids

Front 55

Sensitive Period

Back 55

period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment

Front 56

Monocular Deprivation

Back 56

depriving one eye of light

Front 57

Ocular Dominance Histogram

Back 57

a graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye