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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The wavelength range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans falls between... |
400 and 700 nanometers |
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Objects that reflect more visible light appear |
lighter |
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The process by witch sensory systems translate information into action potentials |
transduction |
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Tears, Produced by the lacrimal glands, function |
protect the eye from dust and debris |
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outer tough covering of the eyeball witch helps it maintain it's shape |
Sclera |
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Due to a lack of blood vessels this structure is transparent |
cornea |
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A structure located directly behind the iris, functions to focus light on the retina |
lens |
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The blood vessels serving the eye and the axons forming the optic nerve exit the back of the eye at the |
optic disk |
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The first layer of the retina, that is composed of cells whose axons form the optic nerve |
Ganglion cell |
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The cell bodies of photoreceptors are located in the |
outer nuclear area |
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rod photoreceptors are responsible for the ability to see in dim light. Also known as... |
Scotopic vision |
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Photo receptors |
produce graded potentials depending upon the amount of light |
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whitch type of ganglion cell provides detailed information about motionless objects |
P cells |
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nearly 90% of optic tract axons form synapses in the |
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus |
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structure responsible for the initial processing of images |
primary visual cortex |
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structure responsible for analysis of movement |
dorsal stream |
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theory explaining the interactions of cones and their interactions with color |
opponent - process |
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3D movies take advantage of this to give the illusion of depth |
retinal disparity |
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the gradual yellowing of the lens of the eye that occurs with age results in... |
distorted perception of blue and green |
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An individual with hyperopia |
is farsighted |
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An individual whose cells have differing complements of chromosomes |
Mosaic Karyotype |
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An individual with an XO genotype |
Turner syndrome |
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the protein encoded by the SRY gene |
Testis - determining factor |
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undeveloped wolffian and mullerian systems is often a determening factor to |
androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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hormone 5 - alpha - dihyrotestosterone |
development of external male genitalia |
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prenatal phthalate exposure appears to |
reduce the likelihood that boys will play with "masculine" toys |
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sex hormone's role in development |
play a role in organization of brain circuits during puberty |
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Chances of a gay male twin having a gay identical twin are about |
50% |
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2 common causes of sexual dysfunction |
type 2 diabetes anti - depressants |
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LAteralization |
localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other |
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left side of the brain strengths |
language fine motor control logical |
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right side of the brain strengths |
prosody - patters and rythms spatial - memory responsible for recording information emotion |
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When does lateralization start? |
early stages of cell formation detected as young as 2 months |
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The Wada Test |
applying anesthesia to a part of the brain then testing for what ability was impaired |
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Callosotomy |
Pathways connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres are severed, used to treat epilepsy and shows no change in personality, intelligence, or speech. |
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Hemispherectomy |
- used to treat Rasmussen's syndrome: seizures in only one hemisphere of the brain - children only have a slight limp after surgery |
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Broca's Aphasia |
lack of ability to speak clearly deficit in comprehension |
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Wernicke's Aphasia |
speech is rapid and fluent but meaningless |
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Brocha area of the brain |
responsible for speech |
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wernicke's area of the brain |
responsible for comprehension |
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Alexia |
normal speech and comprehension cant read or recognize letters |
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Agraphia |
Inability to write |
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Dyslexia |
- difficulty learning to read - IQ is normal, often high - genetic component; also related to hemispheric asymmetry |
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Emotion |
physiological reaction Behavioral response Conscious, subjective feeling, or what we call emotion |
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James - lang theory of emotion |
1. Stimulated 2. body responds to stimulus 3. emotion is our brain's reaction to our physiological response |
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Cannon - Bard Theory |
Physical and emotional responses to a stimulus happen simultaneously |
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Schachter - singer theory |
emotion is a result of both psychological arousal cognitive appraisal of the situation |
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Facial Feedback phenomenon |
"faking" a smile can lead to feeling happier supports the james - lang theory |
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Limbic System |
the "emotional brain" |
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Hypothalamus |
the "boss" of the limbic system neuro networks cross through it |
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Amygdala and insula |
the "CPU" helps with understanding |
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nucleus accumbens |
reward center |
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septal area |
pleasure center |
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Anterior cingulate cortex |
processing pain |
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orbitofrontal cortex |
executive center |
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Kluver - Bucy syndrome |
damage to amydala and insula. Inability to recognize dangerous situations |
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Autonomic nervous sytem |
consists of the Sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Sympathetic Nervous system |
releases epinephren and norepinephrine |
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Hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal Axis HPA |
gets signals from the amygdala to trigger the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland |
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Cortisol |
"the stress hormone" elevates blood sugar, increases metabolisim, and converts protein to glucose for energy reduces inflamation from injury body is then able to sustain prolonged activity |
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Internal stress response |
psycological response physiological response |
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psychosomatic diseases caused by stress |
hypertension, ulcers, asthma, eczema, migraines, decreased libido |
