Bio Psych Ch 10

Front 1

Visual Field

Back 1

the whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes

Front 2

Visual Acuity

Back 2

sharpness of vision

Front 3

Photoreceptors

Back 3

neural cells in the retina that respond to light

Front 4

Three Basic Dimensions of the Perception of Lights

Back 4

1. Brightness
2. Hue
3. Saturation

Front 5

Brightness

Back 5

varies from light to dark

Front 6

Hue

Back 6

varies continuously around the color circle blue, green, yellow, orange, and red

Front 7

Saturation

Back 7

varies from rich full colors at the periphery to grey at the center

Front 8

Lateral Inhibition

Back 8

phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors producing contrast at the edges of regions

Front 9

Cornea

Back 9

transparent outer layer of the eye whore curvature is fixed; it bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina

Front 10

Lens

Back 10

a structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina

Front 11

Refraction

Back 11

the bending of light rays by a change in density of a medium such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes

Front 12

Ciliary Muscle

Back 12

one of the muscles that controls the shape of the lens inside the eye focusing an image in the retina

Front 13

Accommodation

Back 13

process of focusing by the ciliary muscles and the lens to form a sharp image on the retina

Front 14

Pupil

Back 14

aperture, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye

Front 15

Iris

Back 15

circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil

Front 16

Extraocular Muscle

Back 16

one of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements

Front 17

Retina

Back 17

the receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons

Front 18

Rod

Back 18

a class of light-sensitive receptor cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that are most active at low levels of light

Front 19

Cone

Back 19

A class of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision

Front 20

Bipolar Cells

Back 20

a class of interneurons of the retina that receive info from rods and cones and pass the info to retinal ganglion cells

Front 21

Ganglion Cells

Back 21

a class of cels in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve

Front 22

Optic Nerve

Back 22

cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the optic chiasm

Front 23

Horizontal Cells

Back 23

special retinal cells that contact both the receptor cells and the bipolar cells

Front 24

Amacrine Cells

Back 24

special retinal cells that contact both bipolar cells and the ganglion cells and are especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina

Front 25

Scotopic System

Back 25

a system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods

Front 26

Photopic System

Back 26

a system in the retina the operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones

Front 27

Rhodopsin

Back 27

the photopigment in rods that responds to light

Front 28

Photopic system properties (number, photopigments, sensitivity, location, receptive field, acuity, response)

Back 28

cones/4 million/basic color vision/low/near fovea/small in fovea, larger outside/high acuity/rapid

Front 29

Scotopic system properties (number, photopigments, sensitivity, location, receptive field, acuity, response)

Back 29

rods/100 million/rhodopsin/high/outside fovea/larger/low acuity/slow

Front 30

Receptive Field

Back 30

stimulus region and features that cause the maximal response of a cell in a sensory system

Front 31

Off-center Bipolar Cell

Back 31

retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field

Front 32

On-center Bipolar Cell

Back 32

retinal bipolar cell that in excited by light in the center of its receptive field

Front 33

On-center Ganglion Cell

Back 33

a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center rather than the periphery of the cell's receptive field

Front 34

Range Fractionation

Back 34

hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities

Front 35

Fovea

Back 35

central portion of the retina packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze

Front 36

Optic Disc

Back 36

region of the retina devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there

Front 37

Blind Spot

Back 37

place through which blood vessels enter the retina;light sticking it cannot be seen

Front 38

Primary Visual Cortex

Back 38

region of the occipital cortex where most visual info first arrives

Front 39

Scotoma

Back 39

region of blindness caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain

Front 40

Optic Chiasm

Back 40

the point at which the two optic nerves meet

Front 41

Optic Tract

Back 41

the axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chaism; most terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 42

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Back 42

the part of the thalamus that receives info from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex

Front 43

On-center/off-surround

Back 43

referring to a concentric receptive field in which the center excites the cell of interest while the surround inhibits

Front 44

Off-center/on-surround

Back 44

referring to a concentric receptive field in which the center inhibits the cell of interest while to surround excites it

Front 45

Parvocellular

Back 45

of or consisting of relatively small cells

Front 46

Magnocellular

Back 46

of or consisting of relatively large cells

Front 47

Simple Cortical Cell

Back 47

a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width as well a particular orientation and location in the visual field

Front 48

Complex Cortical Cell

Back 48

a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywhere within a particular area of the visual field

Front 49

Spatial-frequency filter model

Back 49

a model of a pattern analysis that emphasizes Fourier analysis of visual stimuli

Front 50

Ocular Dominance Column

Back 50

a region of cortex in which one eye or the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input

Front 51

Ocular Dominance Slab

Back 51

a slab of visual cortex, about .5 mm wide, in which the neurons of all layers respond preferentially to stimulation of one eye

Front 52

Orientation Column

Back 52

a column of visual cortex that responds to a rod-shaped stimuli of a particular orientation

Front 53

Blob

Back 53

a region of visual cortex distinguishing by stains for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase

Front 54

Trichomatic Hypothesis

Back 54

a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain

Front 55

Opponent-processing hypothesis

Back 55

the theory that color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths

Front 56

Spectrally Opponent Cell

Back 56

a visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum

Front 57

Ataxia

Back 57

an impairment in the direction,extent, and rate of muscular movement

Front 58

Mirror Neuron

Back 58

a neuron that is active when an individual makes a particular movement, but is also active when that individual sees another individual make that same movement

Front 59

Myopia

Back 59

nearsightedness;inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away

Front 60

Ocular Dominance Column

Back 60

a region of cortex in which one eye or the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input

Front 61

Ocular Dominance Slab

Back 61

a slab of visual cortex, about .5 mm wide, in which the neurons of all layers respond preferentially to stimulation of one eye

Front 62

Orientation Column

Back 62

a column of visual cortex that responds to a rod-shaped stimuli of a particular orientation

Front 63

Blob

Back 63

a region of visual cortex distinguishing by stains for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase

Front 64

Trichomatic Hypothesis

Back 64

a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain

Front 65

Opponent-processing hypothesis

Back 65

the theory that color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths

Front 66

Spectrally Opponent Cell

Back 66

a visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum

Front 67

Ataxia

Back 67

an impairment in the direction,extent, and rate of muscular movement

Front 68

Mirror Neuron

Back 68

a neuron that is active when an individual makes a particular movement, but is also active when that individual sees another individual make that same movement

Front 69

Myopia

Back 69

nearsightedness;inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away

Front 70

Amblyopia

Back 70

Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments