Bio-Plants Ch. 23 And 25

Front 1

vascular tissue

Back 1

transports water, nurtrients, and other materials throughout the plant

Front 2

What are the organs of the plants?

Back 2

1)Roots
2) stems
3) leaves
4) flowers and cones (reproductive)

Front 3

Meristematic tissue

Back 3

plant cell division occurs in certain regions called meristems-produces new cells by mitosis-it is present in the apex of stems and roots, causing them to grow longer

Front 4

apex

Back 4

growing tips (of stems and roots)

Front 5

cambium

Back 5

meristem in woody plants-adds tissue to increase the thickness of stems and roots-growing region of the stem

Front 6

what are the twoo types of cambium?

Back 6

1) vascular
2) cork

Front 7

vascular cambium

Back 7

produces layers of tissues that transport H20 and nutrients

Front 8

cork cambium

Back 8

layer of protective tissue-protects the surface of woody stems and leaves

Front 9

epidermis

Back 9

the outer layor of leaves, green stems, and roots-usually one cell thick-cells fit tightly-almost clear cells allow maximum light-made by cutin

Front 10

cutin

Back 10

a waxy substance secreted from above ground parts that form a layer upon the epidermis
-1) cuts water loss
2) infection protection

Front 11

what are the two types of vascular tissue?

Back 11

xylem and phloem

Front 12

what are the two types of xylem cells?

Back 12

tracheids and vessel elements

Front 13

what are the two types of phloem cells?

Back 13

sieve cells and companion cells

Front 14

xylem

Back 14

conducts H20 and minerals from the soil up to the leaves-cells are dead and act as tubes-close to palisade layer (top)

Front 15

phloem

Back 15

conducts food and dissolved materials in both directions-close to the spongy layer (bottom)

Front 16

fundamental tissue

Back 16

used in the support of the plant and the production and storage of food

Front 17

3 types of fundamental tissue

Back 17

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Front 18

parenchyma tissue

Back 18

unspecialized thin walled cells found:
1) in roots, fruits, and parts of stems
JOB: food storage
2) Leaves and young stems
JOB: make food through photosynthesis

Front 19

collenchyma tissue

Back 19

long, think, flexible cell walls support stems and leaves

Front 20

schlerenchyma

Back 20

very stiff, thick cell wall stiffness causes my lignin (what make cells so rigid)-mature cells have cell walls so thick that the cell interior space is almost closed up=plant fibers

Front 21

primary roots

Back 21

the first structure to emerge from a sprouting seed

Front 22

secondary root

Back 22

branches off of the primary root

Front 23

taproot

Back 23

the primary root is the largest root-the root is thick, fleshy, and rapid growing (one major root-ex. carrot)

Front 24

fibrous

Back 24

secondary roots are as large or larger than the primary root-lots of hairlike roots spreading out

Front 25

what are 2 advantages of fibrous roots?

Back 25

1) they hold soil, which helps prevent erosion
2) root hair increases surface area

Front 26

what kind of relationship do microorganisms and roots have?

Back 26

symbiotic relationship-godod for both organisms(ex. pea family)-frequently bacteria or fungi live with the roots of plants
-ex: bacteria live in nodules -attach to the roots-bacteria converts gaseous nitrogen into a form usable by the plant-nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 27

herbaceous stems

Back 27

-SOFT, green, juicy stems
-usually live one year=annual plant
-sometimes two years=biennial plant

Front 28

woody stems

Back 28

-thick, tough tissue=wood
-hard stems
-usually live three years of more=perennial plant
ex. tree

Front 29

apical meristem

Back 29

a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots

Front 30

describe the internal stricture of herbaceous stems

Back 30

all tissues develop from apical meristems but the celluar organization depends on the type of plant

Front 31

what are the two types of flowering plants

Back 31

monocots and dicots

Front 32

describe the epidermis of monocots

Back 32

monocots have a protective epidermis that encloses a soft, green stem

Front 33

cotyledon

Back 33

the embryonic leaves within the seed

Front 34

terminal bud

Back 34

the tip of the twig

Front 35

decribe the external structures of woody stems of a dormant twig in winter

Back 35

at the terminal bud the apical meristem is enclosed by protective overlapping scales alled bud scales, which were produced the previous growing season

Front 36

bud scale scars

Back 36

scares left from where the bid falls off
distance between scars=1 year of growth

Front 37

leaf scars

Back 37

scars left when leaves fall off

Front 38

vascular bundle scars

Back 38

are located within the leaf scars of monocots
-contain xylem and phloem tissue
-help to identify the species of the plant

Front 39

simple leaf

Back 39

one leaf blade and one petiole

Front 40

compound

Back 40

multiple leaflet blades and one petiole

Front 41

what are the three tissue types in leaves?

Back 41

vascular, fundamental, and protective

Front 42

what is at the base of a petiole?

Back 42

an axillary bud

Front 43

cuticle

Back 43

waxy, outermost layer that:
1) protects the internal tissue
2) slows H20 loss

Front 44

stomates

Back 44

openings in the epidermis that are used for:
1) exchange of CO2 and O2
2) Removal of H20 vapor
-regulated by guard cells

Front 45

photolysis

Back 45

the splitting of water with the use of light

Front 46

guard cells

Back 46

cells that regulate stomates- controlled by osmosis pressure from roots
-2 crescent shaped calls with a thin outer edge and a thick inner edge, which causes cell to flex
-cells become swollen (turgid) and flex open
-cells lose H20, relax, and close

Front 47

mesophyll

Back 47

middle layer, between upper and lower edidermis-photosynthetic layer

Front 48

palisade mesophyll

Back 48

-major photosynthetic layer
-upper portion
-1 or 2 cells thick
-tall, tightly packed cells
-lots of chloroplasts

Front 49

spongy mesophyll

Back 49

-lower portion
-has air spaces
-loosely packed
-irregular shaped cells
-few chloroplasts

Front 50

where are veins found?

Back 50

in the mesophyll

Front 51

transpiration

Back 51

the evaporation of H20 vapor from plant surfaces-mostly through the stomates

Front 52

what does active transport have to do with the way the stomates open and close?

Back 52

active transport pumps in potassium, causing a solute imbalance. high k+ inside the cell causes water to flood in, opening the stomates. stop active transport, K+ levels decrease, resulting in the stomates closing

Front 53

what are three ways of water transport?

Back 53

capillary action, root pressure, and transpiration

Front 54

water transport: capillary action

Back 54

the tendency of a liquid to rise inside a narrow tube
distance: several centimeters
-little help

Front 55

water transport: root pressure

Back 55

-the osmotic pressure in the xylem of a root
distance: one meter
-not much help

Front 56

water transport: transpiration

Back 56

-due to hydrogen bonding among H20 molecules, as h20 vapor leaves a leaf it pulls a water molecule behind it
distance=tree top

Front 57

translocation

Back 57

the movement of dissolved mutrients/sugar through a plant-phloem only

Front 58

what happens when there is high solute (food) concentration in the leaf?

Back 58

water floods, which results in food molecules movement away from the leaf

Front 59

what happens when there is low solute (food) concentrations in the stems and roots?

Back 59

it causes food to leave these cells

Front 60

what is the concentation gradient produced for food transport?

Back 60

leaves=high pressure
other plant parts=low pressure
water with food will leave the phloem and enter low pressure areas

Front 61

what are the three plant hormones?

Back 61

auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinius

Front 62

auxins

Back 62

-stimulate cells to lengthen
-most common auxin-IAA

Front 63

IAA

Back 63

-indoleacetic acid
-produced in the terminal bud and sent down the stem
-prevents lateral bud growth
-away from IAA effect a lateral bud may develop into a new branch

Front 64

abscission

Back 64

-affected by auxins
-the process by which leaves, flowers, or fruits drop off plants

Front 65

gibberellins

Back 65

affect plant growth and the development of fruits and seeds distributed evenly throughout the plant

Front 66

cytokinius

Back 66

stimulate growth and cell division during seed germination

Front 67

tropisms

Back 67

the growth of a plant in a specific direction in response to a stimulus

Front 68

positive tropism

Back 68

movement towards a stimulus

Front 69

negative tropism

Back 69

movement away from a stimulus

Front 70

phototropism

Back 70

pos: stems grow towards the light
neg: stems grow away from the light

Front 71

geotropism

Back 71

pos: roots grow towards the pull of gravity
neg: roots grow away from the pull of gravity
*stems show neg. tropism

Front 72

hydrotropism

Back 72

pos: plants roots grow towards H20

Front 73

thigmotropism

Back 73

clinging roots and tendrils touch something and wrap around it

Front 74

what may tropisms be the result of?

Back 74

an uneven auxin distribution

Front 75

nastic movement

Back 75

plants respond to a stimulus but not related to the direction of the stimulus
ex. prayer plant
day: leaves open
night: leaves close

Front 76

photoperiodism

Back 76

plants respond to changes in the length of day or night
ex. short day plants, long day plants, day-neutral plants (unaffected by either day or night)

Front 77

lenticels

Back 77

tiny openings through the bark-allow air to enter and water to escape

Front 78

root cap

Back 78

true end of a root-a protective cover for the cells of the meristematic zone

Front 79

meristematic zone

Back 79

all cells of the root originate here. a zone of rapidly diving cells

Front 80

maturation zone

Back 80

-root hair zones
-where cells differentiate (unspecialzed cells-->specialized cells

Front 81

heartwood

Back 81

older xylem near the center of the stem no longer conducts water and instead becomes heartwood

Front 82

sapwood

Back 82

surrounds heartwood
-is active in fluid transport and therefore usually is lighter in color

Front 83

what are the three important functions of stems?

Back 83

1) produce leaves, branches, and flowers
2) hold leaves up in the sunlight
3) transport substances between roots and leaves

Front 84

node/internode

Back 84

node: where leaves are attached
internode: regions between nodes