Test 1 Part 2 Bio Plant Structure Ch 35

Front 1

Three basic organs of plants

Back 1

Roots stems and leaves

Front 2

Plant organs organize into

Back 2

Root system below ground

Shoot system above ground.

Front 3

Developmental plastisity

Back 3

Ability to alter itself in response to environment.

Front 4

indeterminate growth

Back 4

A plant growing throughout its life

Front 5

Determinate growth

Back 5

A plant ceases growing at a certain size

Front 6

Annual

biannual

peranial

Back 6

1 Complete life cycle in a year or less

2 requiring two growing seasons

3 lives for many years.

Front 7

Meristem

Back 7

Perpetually embryonic tissue that allows for indeterminate growth

Front 8

Vascular and cork cambium

Back 8

Lateral meristems that adds thickness to woody plants.

1 xylem and phloem(vascular tissue)

2 cork (part of bark periderm)

Front 9

Root cap

Back 9

Covers the root tip which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil.

Front 10

Zone of division

Elongation

Maturation (differentiation)

Back 10

Growth just behind the root tip.

1 cells divid

2 cells elongate

3 cell turn into different cell types (differentiation )

Front 11

Vascular cylinder

Back 11

bundles include both xylem and phloem, as well as supporting and protective cells. In stems and roots

Front 12

Leaf primordia

Back 12

Leaf develope from this along sides of apical meristem

Front 13

Stomata

Back 13

Site of gas exchange in leaf epithelium.

Front 14

Guard cells

Back 14

Cells around the stomata which allows for it to open or close.

Front 15

Mesophyll cell

Back 15

1 palisade top photosynthesis more cells packed

2 spongy more stomata on bottom where gas exchange takes place prevent excessive water loss

Front 16

Xylem accumulation as

Back 16

Wood

Front 17

Early Wood

formed in the spring has

Back 17

Thin cell walls to accommodate more water

Front 18

Late wood,

Summer wood growth has

Back 18

Thickened walled cells for stem support

Front 19

Dendrochronology

Back 19

Analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change

Front 20

Heartwood

Sapwood

Back 20

1 doesn't

2 does transport

Front 21

Bark consists of

Back 21

All tissue external to vascular cambion

(Secondary Phloem and cork)

Front 22

Lenticels

Back 22

In periderm allows for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air.

Front 23

Apical meristem

Back 23

elongates shoots and roots in Primary growth

Front 24

Roots functions

Back 24

1 Anchors plant

2 absorbing minerals and water

3 storing organic nutriants (sugar)

Front 25

Taproot

Back 25

System that consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots or branches.

Only in dicots

Front 26

Adventitious roots

Back 26

Roots that arise from stems or leaves.

Front 27

Fibrous roots

Back 27

Thin lateral roots with no main root.

Only in monocots

Front 28

Root hairs

Back 28

In most plants vast numbers of hair like structures increase surface area of roots.

Front 29

Modified roots

prop roots

Back 29

Holds plant up. support

Front 30

Modified root

Storage root

Back 30

Used for storage

Front 31

Modified root

Strangling

Aerial roots

Back 31

Allows a plant to grow in the canopy and send roots to the spoil.

Front 32

Modified root

Pneumatophores

Back 32

Allows root to recieve O2 while under water.

Front 33

Modified root

Buttress roots

Back 33

Supports larger plants and trees

Front 34

Stems consist of

Back 34

Alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached.

Internodes, the segments between the nodes

Front 35

Modified stem

Bulb

Back 35

Used for wrapping storage leaves underground

Front 36

Modified stem

Rhizomes

Back 36

Grows just below ground level and allows plant to spread

Front 37

Modified stem

Stolons

Back 37

Above ground stems that allow for plant to spread.

Front 38

Modified stem

Tubers

Back 38

Modified storage stem. Has axillary buds which allow for regrowth.

Front 39

Leaves

Back 39

Are the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.

Consists of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Front 40

Monocot and Dicot leaf Difference

Back 40

Parallel veins

Vs

Branching veins

Front 41

Modified leaves

Tendrils

Back 41

Used for wrapping around things to hold on.

Front 42

Modified leaves

Spines

Back 42

Protect the plant

leaf (not thorns)

Front 43

Modified leaves

Storage leaves

Back 43

Used for storage.

Front 44

Modified leaves

Reproductive leaf

Back 44

Produce clones of itself

Asexual reproduction.

Front 45

Modified leaves

Bracts

Back 45

Used to attract insects.

Front 46

Types of plant tissue

Back 46

Dermal

Vascular

And ground

Front 47

Trichomes

Back 47

Outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense.

Front 48

Vascular tissue system

Back 48

Carries out long distance transport of materials from roots to shoots

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to shoots 1 way.

Phloem transports organic nutrients In both directions. Where needed.

Front 49

Stele

Back 49

What is collectively called The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

In the root it is a solid vascular cylinder.

In the stem or the leaves it is divided into vascular bundles (strands of xylem and phloem)

Front 50

Ground tissue system

Back 50

Tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular.

If internal to the vascular tissue it is pith

If external to the vascular tissue it is

Cortex

Front 51

Ground tissue cells specialize in

Back 51

1 storage

2 photosynthesis

3 support

Front 52

Parenchyma cells

Back 52

Have thin and flexible primary walls Are the least specialized Perform the most metabolic functions Retain the ability to divide and differentiate into

other cell types

Front 53

Collenchyma cells

Back 53

are grouped in strands and help young parts of the plant shoot.

They have thicker and uneven cell walls These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth

Front 54

Sclerenchyma cell

Back 54

Are rigid because of thick walls strengthened with lignin They are dead at functional maturity.

Front 55

The two types of sclerenchyma cells

Back 55

Sclereids

Short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified walls

Fibers

Are long and slender and arranged in threads

Both support.

Front 56

Water conducting cells of the xylem

Back 56

The two types are

●tracheids and

●vessel elements,

are dead at maturity

Front 57

sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

Back 57

●Sieve-tube elements are alive at functional maturity, though they lackorganelles

Each sieve-tube element has a ●Companion cell

whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells