Bio-- Phylums-- Bacteria Prokaryotic Cells

Front 1

dichotomous key

Back 1

chart that tells you what species the organism is based on physical/measurable characteristics

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what are the four stages of the life cyle/growth cycle of a bacteria colony

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1) Lag Phase-- starts out with just one bacteria- growth is slow but growing
2) Log Phase-- once the metabolic systems have developed in the single bacteria it begins to multiply faster and the population starts to grow
3) Stationary Phase-- once the population reaches the limit (not enuf resources, too much waste) population stops increasing
4) Death Phase- toxic waste builds up, not enough food, population dies

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flagella -- what are the two types of movements a bacteria can move in with flagella

what is flagella

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flagella moves in a propeller type way and helps the bacteria move

1) Swimming-- the bacteria moves forward in one direction with the help of the flagella
2) Tumbling-- the flagellas are all over the bacteria and are just randomly spinning-- so the bacteria just ends up spinning around randomly

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Pili-- what are they used for

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not used for movement
used for sexual reproduction-- DNA is transferred through the pili

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Nitrogen Fixers

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bacteria that take nitrogen gas (N2) and change it into amonia or some other usable form of Nitrogen for plants (start the nitrogen cycle)

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Monerans

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includes Bacteria and Archaebacteria
unicellular microorganisms with a cell wall but no membrane bound organelles

no nucleus

have plasmids

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how does bacteria reproduce

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through binary fission

DNA is duplicated and a plasmid goes to the cell membrane-- the cell wall grows around the plasmid and the bacteria splits

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what kind of reproduction does bacteria go through

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asexual

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what are the three ways bacteria can exchange genetic information

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1) conjugation-- process where DNA from one bacterium moves through the Pili into another bacterium
2) Transformation-- process of taking up genes from the environment
3) Transduction-- process that involves viruses carrying genes from one bacterium to another

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most bacteria serve as ___ in the environment

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decomposers

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Saprobe bacteria

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derive their energy from dead or dying organisms and break down organic matter

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bacillus
coccus
spirillus

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bac- rod shaped
coc- round shaped
spir- spiral shaped

these are names that describe the shape of a bacteria

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mono
diplo
strepto
staphylo

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mono- single
diplo- in pairs
strepto-- long chains
staphylo- groups and clumps

these names describe the colonies and the numbers that bacteria live in

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bactereaphage

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viruses that attack bacteria

they inject DNA which makes the bacteria defective

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penicillin breaks down what?

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peptidoglycan-- which is in the cell wall of some bacteria-- so it breaks down the cell wall

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if the Gram test (a dying test preformed on bacteria) is negative then_____

if its positive then____

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negative-- there is no peptidoglycan in the cell wall and penicillin won't work

positive-- there is peptidoglycan in the cell wall and penicillin will work

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the Gram Staining technique stains what in the cell wall of bacteria

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peptidoglycan

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what are the five categories of Eubacteria

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1) Cyanobacteria--
2) Proteobacteria--
3) Chlamydias--
4) Spirochetes--
5) Gram Positive--

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what are the 3 categories of Archeobacteria

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1) Methanogens--
2) Halophiles-
3) Thermoacidophiles--

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prokaryotic cells have no what?

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nucleus

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what helps the bacteria stick to things-- hint its in the cell wall

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polysaccharides and polypeptides

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plasmid

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small self replicating circle of DNA

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photoautotrophs

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make their own food using a photosynthetic pathway (photosynthesis) using sunlight and CO2

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chemoautotrophs

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self feeders such as the ones that latch on to the bottom of the ocean and eat the carbon that gets emitted from the geysers

oxygen kills them- they use carbon from the bottom of the sea to gain energy

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photoheterotrophs

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eat other things for food

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chemoheterotrophs

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parasites and stuff

suck energy from other things

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saprobic chemoheterotrophs

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get their food from the waste of other organisms-- poop or dead bodies

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what process does a prokaryotic cell use to reproduce

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binary fission--

parent cell replicates the DNA
DNA goes to sit next to the cell membrane (in the form of a plasmid)
the cell wall forms around the plasmid and a new cell is made and the parent cell splits

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viral pathogen

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viruses that cause disease

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numerical taxonomy

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compares traits of an unidentified cell with those of a known group-- the more traits the two have in common the more related they are


used to be the only way to trace the evolutionary tree/origins of prokaryotic cells

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lateral gene transfer

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movement of genetic info between cells often of different species by conjugation transformation or transduction

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cyanobacteria

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photoautotrophs that help cycle carbon/oxygen/nitrogen and other key nutrients back through the environment

they release oxygen through photosynthesis

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anabaena

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aquatic species-- nitrogen fixers

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if the staining causes the cell wall to turn purple the cell is...

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gram positive

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endospore

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type of resting structure that forms inside the cell body-- can be lethal to the bacteria or to the organism the bacteria is in

you can breathe them in

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proteobacteria

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largest most diverse bacterial group

some are pathogens like E Coli and Salmonella

GRAM NEGATIVE

nitrogen fixers-- some of them

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pathogen

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bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease

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bioremediation

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the use of organisms to remove pollutants from water air and soil

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endospores-- what do they do

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allow bacteria to survive under harsh conditions by forming resting cells (endospores) inside of them

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Chlamydias

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parasitic bacteria

STDS

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Spirochetes

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free living species and PARASITES

LYMES disease

one type of spirochete lives in the gut of a termite and helps it digest food

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Cyanobacteria

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photosynthetic autotrophs

do photosynthesis

participate in the nitrogen cycle

cycle carbon/oxygen/nitrogen

release oxygen as a waste through photosynthesis

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Gram positive bacteria

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bacteria with peptidoglycan (since its gram positive)

Strep throat, leprosy, TB

all these can be cured with an antibiotic (since its gram positive)

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Carl Woese

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compared ribosomal RNA of prokaryotic cells

by using differences/similarities he could trace the lineage of different bacteria

he separated bacteria into two groups-- archaea and Eu

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Methanogens

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anaerobes (oxygen kills them)
carbon is the final electron acceptor
they form METHANE AS a byproduct

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Halophiles

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live in salty places

Dead sea, Great lakes, saltwater evaporation ponds

love salt .. duh

Bacteriorhodopsin-- is in the cell wall of a halophiles-- it reacts to sunlight and changes the shape which powers the ATP synthase which makes ATP which is in a way photosynthesis like..

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Thermophiles

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live in sulfur rich springs where water temps are really hot

HOT TEMPS

oxygen will kill them-- anaerobes

Sulfur is the final electron acceptor

Front 48

what are three characteristics used to classify bacteria

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cell shape wall structure and movement

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are viruses living things? why or why not

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no

they're not cells, can't live on their own or reproduce on their own, can be frozen for years and still work

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what makes up a virus

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a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA but not both) and a protein coat called a CAPSID

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envelope

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the outer covering of some viruses

can help the virus attach to a host cell

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t or false viruses can attack any cell

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no they only attack particular types of cells (nerve? muscle? blood?)

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what 5 characteristics are used to classify a VIRUS

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shape
nucleic acid content (DNA or RNA?)
Presence/Absence of an envelope
Type of Host affected by Virus
How Viruses are transmitted

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what are the two cycles used by viruses to reproduce?

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lytic or lysogenic

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why do viruses attack cells?

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to reproduce
they can't reproduce on their own
they attack cells for their own survival

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how do vaccines work

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a dead virus is injected into you then your memory cells on the white blood cells remember what that virus looks like so it can attack a live one in the future

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lytic cycle steps (5)

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1) Attachment-- virus attaches to the cell
2) Entry-- DNA or RNA is injected into the cell
3) Replication-- The viral DNA is copied by the host cell over and over
4) Formation-- viruses are made in the host cell using nucleic acids and proteins
5) Lysis and Release-- the new viruses make the cell explode and when the cell breaks open hundreds of new viruses are released

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what are the three steps of the lysogenic cycle

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1) Attachment and Entry-- virus attaches to the cell and injects DNA or RNA
2) Prophage Formation-- the viral DNA/RNA becomes part of the host cell's DNA
3) Cell Division-- when the cell divides it's defective-- the viral DNA /RNA will eventually direct the cell to start the lytic cycle where the cell will explode and lots of little virus's are born

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Interferon

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protein substance that inhibits a virus from replicating in an animal cell that has been invaded by a virus

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jenner

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developed the smallpox vaccine from the sores of cows that had a similar disease

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pasteur

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developed the rabies vaccine

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Ivanovski

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found that particles that caused a disease in tobacco plants were small enough to pass through a filter and still cause disease

his discovery lead to the discovery that viruses are not living (since the tobacco virus was crystallized and still lived)

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Salk

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invented the polio vaccine