Bio Of Microbes Test 2

Front 1

Benificial Bacteria

Back 1

Lactobacillus- vigina and intestins
S. epidermidis - skin

Front 2

Virulence vs Pahtogonicity

Back 2

Quantitative vs Qualitative ability to cause disease

Front 3

Virulence factors

Back 3

-antipagocytic capsule e.g. S. pneumonia
-exotoxin e.g. S. pyogenes
-endotoxin (LPS)
- Pilli adhesive e.g. Nesseria
-adhesive capsules e.g. on teeth
-enzymes, lecithinase in C. Perfringes

Front 4

Lysoginistic conversion

Back 4

phagocyte puts DNA in Bacteria and it stays there for a few generations before making more virusis (Lysogeny) and the new DNA is expressed by the bacteria

Front 5

arthropod borne diseases

Back 5

carried by insects etc.
e.g. lyme disease, west nile, etc.

Front 6

dysentary

Back 6

condition- abdominal pain
bloody diarrhea

Front 7

nosocomial infections

Back 7

aquired during hospitalization

Front 8

Crown gall disease

Back 8

Agrobacterium tumefacieus - places T DNA from plasmid into plant cell DNA causeing growth and division making tumor

Front 9

Rizobia

Back 9

Fixes N2, 78% of environment, uses Nitrogenase, lugumes

Front 10

cyanobacterium

Back 10

can fix N2

Front 11

NO2-
NO3-

Back 11

Nitrite and Nitrate can be used by plants

Front 12

Cheese

Back 12

Milk + starter culture (L. cremoris or L. lactis) + rennet/rennin (enzyme) (ripened cheese only)
curds+ whey
Press and mature
hard-parmeasan, soft- brie
additional cheese fermentation
- Limburger- brevibacteria
- Swiss- Propiombacterium

Front 13

Yogurt

Back 13

starter culture - Streptococcus thermophilus
added- Lactobacillus bulgarious
fermentation

if sachromyses is also added you get kefir

Front 14

preservation

Back 14

reduction in
pH
water activity
sugar concentration

Front 15

probiotic

Back 15

bacteria added to food not needed for production but its good for you e.g. lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium, or L. casei

Front 16

N2 in the atmosphere ->

Back 16

Organic nitrogen in plants through nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium or Anabaena

Front 17

Organic nitrogen in plants ->

Back 17

-Organic N in Consumers
-and then/or to NH3 or NH4+ through ammonification (decomposition)

Front 18

NH3 ->

Back 18

NO2-, through nitrification by lithotrophs

Front 19

NO2-, ->

Back 19

NO3-, nitrification

Front 20

NO3-, ->

Back 20

uptaken by plants (back to start)
or it goes back to NO2- by pseudomonas, back to N2 by alcaligenes (Denitrification)

Front 21

Nitrogen Cycle
Metabolism

Back 21

Anaerobic reperation: NO3- -> NO2- -> N2 (reductions) (Dentrification)
Chemoautotrophy: NH4+ -> NO2- (by Nitorsomonas) -> NO3- (by Nitrobacter)

Front 22

S elemental sulfer ->

Back 22

SO4 2-, by sulfer oxidation, By photoautotrophic bacteria (Chromatium) or by chemoautotrophy (Thiobacillus)

Front 23

SO4 2- (sulfate)->

Back 23

uptake by plants then to H2S by decomposition
or Sulfate reduction to H2S by anaerobic resporation (e.g. Desulfovibrio)

Front 24

H2S (sulfate) ->

Back 24

Elemental Sulfer S by
- spontaneous oxidation OR
- H2S oxidation by photoautotrophy (Chramatium) or chemoautotrophic (Thiobacillus)

Front 25

Fermented Vegtables

Back 25

Saurkraut - bacteria on Cabbage ferment + Leuconostoc plantarum
kimchi - asian cabbage
pickles - fermented cucumber
natto - soybeans

Front 26

sourdough

Back 26

lactobaccilius and yeast

Front 27

Fermented Meats

Back 27

Starter culture = Pediococcus
Pepperoni
salami
country ham
bologna

Front 28

Pasture

Back 28

tried to figure out why wine -> vinegar
bacteria (acetobacter)
pasturized grape juice (heated it)
ad to add back yeast

Front 29

MSG

Back 29

Monosodium glutamate, asian food, made by Corynebacterium glutamicum

Front 30

Xanthan gum

Back 30

bacterial slime, found in lots of stuff, creats texture, made by Xanthomonas campestris

Front 31

selective toxicity

Back 31

toxic to pathogens not to humans

Front 32

selective target

Back 32

organell or trait etc pathogen has that human cells dont. eg 70s ribosome

Front 33

Penecillin

Back 33

dystroys peptidoglycan bonds (beta-lactam)
gram +
used for Staph, Strep, Nisseria
Made from Penicillium

Front 34

Nucleic acid synthesis

Back 34

no RNA polyerease in humans can be used as a selective target

Front 35

Efficiancy

Back 35

diameter / unit of anti-biotics

Front 36

bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic

Back 36

kills vs. stops growth

Front 37

Triclosan

Back 37

anti microbial

Front 38

TMV

Back 38

tobacco Mosaic virus
first virus discovered
by Beijerinch
it was filterable (went through filter)

Front 39

1nm

Back 39

10^-9m

Front 40

shapes (7)

Back 40

cubic symmetry- icosahedral (20ish sides)
sperical - herpes
helical- TMV
Pleomorphic - influenza
rhabdovirus (bullet shaped) - rabies
complex - phage
filamentous - ebola

Front 41

structure

Back 41

single or double stranded DNA OR RNA IN A "CAPSID" (nucleocapsid)
spikes on outside of capsid OR on outside of membrane (envelope) outside of capsid. Capsomeres = single capsid proteins

Front 42

Lysogenic cycle

Back 42

Phage DNA becomes part of Bacteria DNA and stays there for a few generations (some can do lytic and lysogenic called temperate phages e.g. Lambda phage, some can only do lytic called virulent phages e.g. T-even phage)

Front 43

Animal viruses

Back 43

1) recognition
2) attachment
3) penetration
4) uncoating (Nucleic acid out of capsid)
5) synthesis
6) assembly
7) release

Front 44

receptor

Back 44

place were virus attaches, spikes fit into these receptors

Front 45

MIC vs. MBC

Back 45

Minimum inhibitory conentration - how much is needed to stop growth
minimum bactericidal concentration - how much is needed to kill bacteria

Front 46

noninvasive

Back 46

not tending to spread

Front 47

nodule

Back 47

created by Rhizobium on plant roots so that they can fix N in not 21% O2 conditions

Front 48

CH4

Back 48

methane created by anaerobic digestion by methanobacterium/methanococcus

Front 49

secondary water treatment (4 options)

Back 49

Active sludge: aerated and bacteria are added to break down sewage
Trickling filter: sewege is "trickled" over rocks & gavel which become covered with a bio film of bacteria to break down sewage
Lagoons: water is placed in artificial ponds bacteria breaks down sewage, cyanobacteria and algea e.g. spirulina make O2
Artificial wetlands: same as lagoons + an animal habitat

Front 50

bioremediation

Back 50

use of bacteria and fungi to degrade or detoxify pollutants in a given environment

Front 51

Xenobiotics

Back 51

synthetic compounds to different from environment to be broken down quickly

Front 52

sulfer bacteria

Back 52

photoautotrophic bacteria that helps in H2S oxidation

Front 53

bioleaching

Back 53

metal -> soluble form by oxidation by bacteria

Front 54

symbiont

Back 54

organism that is part of a symbiosis

Front 55

Other fermented foods

Back 55

Black tea
coffee
cocoa bean
sour cream

Front 56

antiseptic

Back 56

disinfectant (chemical used to destroy microbes and viruses) mild enough to be used on skin

Front 57

Types of disinfectant (3)

Back 57

Quaternary ammonium compound: disinfectant used on food preperation surfaces
Phenolic compounds: antimicrobial e.g. triclosan
Halogens: disinfectant or antiseptic e.g. chlorine

Front 58

Flemming

Back 58

Found penicillan, the first antibiotic

Front 59

Ehrlich

Back 59

discovered the first antimicrobial drug, salvarsan

Front 60

Narrow spectrumvs. broad spectrum

Back 60

Can be used for some bacteria Vs. can be used for many bacteria

Front 61

Sufa drugs

Back 61

structuraly similar to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) inhibits enzyme which creates folic acid biosynthesis in the cell. enzyme is not present in humans

Front 62

beta-latamase

Back 62

enzyme that creates resistance to beta-lactam drugs

Front 63

fluoroquinolone

Back 63

inhibits bacteria by atacking supercoil of the dna

Front 64

R-factor plasmids

Back 64

resistance DNA

Front 65

autoclave

Back 65

sterilizes stuff with pressurised steam, endospores also killed

Front 66

ciprofloxacin

Back 66

stops Bacterial DN replication by dystroying an important enzyme

Front 67

Lister

Back 67

discovered the idea of using antiseptics on wounds to stop infection

Front 68

Phages have that others dont
Phages in host

Back 68

O
I - Tail
M - Tail fibers

Prophage

Front 69

viron

Back 69

a virus in its extracellular form

Front 70

induction

Back 70

virus DNA leaves host DNA during lysogenic cycle

Front 71

Positive and negitive strand virus

Back 71

viruses that use different DNA strands neg- strand used for rna transcription

Front 72

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 72

allows cell to bring in what has bound to receptor e.g. virus

Front 73

Stanley

Back 73

Christalized TMV

Front 74

Chlamydia

Back 74

bad bacterial STD

Front 75

Rickettsia

Back 75

Virus causing Rocky mountin spotted fever