Bio Of Animals Set 2

Front 1

Action Potential

Back 1

Rapid reversal of electrical charges in the form of ions.

Front 2

Dendrites

Back 2

Receive chemical signals from other axons

Front 3

Axon

Front 4

Neuron Cell Structure

Back 4

Dendrites receive, cell body contains nucleus, axon sends message on

Schwann cells are insulation and lipids prevent signals from passing through this cell.

Front 5

Node of Ranvier

Back 5

-opposite electrical charges (positive charge on inner membrane, negative charge on outside of membrane).

-nodes where Schwann cells don't cover the axon

Front 6

Primary Means of Ion Movement

Back 6

1. Na/K pumps (3/2 pass through)

2. Ungated ion channels

3. Gated ion channels (action potential)

Front 7

Gated ion channels

Back 7

responsible for allowing action potential to occur (making rapid reversal occur), at the nodes of Ranvier

-highly specific

Front 8

Role of voltage gated ion channels in the action potential

Back 8

1. Resting state: channels are closed

2. Threshold: stimulus opens some Na gates

3. Depolarization phase of the action potential: K still closed, Na rushes in

4. Repolarizing phase of the action potential: K opens and Na inactivation gate closes (membrane potential reaching positive potential activates this)

5. Undershoot: K slow to close, creates slightly more negative than resting potential

Front 9

Strength of response

Back 9

response within an axon does not change, but the number of axons responding can vary to produce different levels of response

Front 10

Types of Synapses

Back 10

Electrical and Chemical, chemical is major, electrical in heart and smooth muscle

Front 11

Chemical Synapses

Back 11

-Ca2+ floods in through Na+ gates and causes exocytosis

-synaptic vesicles (most common hormone being acetylcholine)

- Breakdown of vesicles

Front 12

Exocytosis

Back 12

breakdown of a membrane. In synapses, Ca2+ induces this in synaptic vesicles

Front 13

Acetylcholine

Back 13

-forms chemical bond to transmembrane protein on dendrites

-Allow ion channels to open in dendrites through conformational change, which floods Na+ to flood in to neurons.

-acetylcholine broken up and actively transported back into the synapse.

Front 14

Gastrovascular cavity

Back 14

-the hollow tube inside organism that is a one way opening

-fluids come from mouth into this tube, all gases, nutrients, wastes diffuse through this cavity into the cells

-quite functional for small aquatic organisms

Front 15

Open circulatory system

Back 15

-no capillaries; body sinuses (hemocoel) fill with hemolymph-- 20-40% of body by volume

-diffusion of Gas, nutrients, waste throughout

-body cells bathed in hemolymph; functional for small land organisms

-lots of small "hearts" (pumps) which direct flow from posterior to anterior side of body

Front 16

hemolymph

Back 16

blood material in arthropods, takes up 20-40% of body by volume

Front 17

hemocoel

Back 17

space that hemolymph is contained in, body sinus.

Front 18

Closed circulatory system

Back 18

blood completely contained within vessels: blood 5-10% of body by volume, G/N/W diffuse into/out of blood from surrounding cells

-essential to evolution of larger organisms-- enables fast transport of g/n/w through vessels while still dependent on diffusion at cell level.

Front 19

Circulatory system in invertibrates

Back 19

Radiates: gastrovascular cavity

Arthropods: open circulatory system

Annelids: closed circulatory system

increase in body size allowed by increase in complexity of circulatory system

Front 20

Things that affect rate of diffusion

Back 20

temperature, pressure, concentration, surface area

Front 21

single vs double circulation

Back 21

single: undifferentiated pumping pressure, blood is pumped before being oxygenated and doesn't gain extra pressure for pumping after

double: differential pumping pressure, separation of oxygen rich and poor blood, allows land existence

Front 22

Pulmonary circuit

Back 22

low pressure pumping

-lung capillaries are thin/weak, can't handle a lot of pressure without bursting

Front 23

Systemic circuit

Back 23

High pressure pumping,

-carries O2 rich blood

Front 24

Consequences of double circulation in evolution

Back 24

1. Allows endothermy

2. Land dwelling-> locomotion more efficient

3. increase in body size

Front 25

Right to Left Shunting

Back 25

Diastole is not affected,

blood that would otherwise be projected through the pulmonary circuit will be shunted through the RAo and LAo by the cavum venosum

-lower pressure in CV bc Aortic valves open slightly earlier than PA.

-vasodilation occurs to lower pressure in circuit

-heating body temperature

Front 26

Mechanisms of intercardiac shunting

Back 26

1. differences in timing of valve openings

2. Vasoconstriction vs vasodilation

Front 27

Left to Right shunting

Back 27

Blood flows from central cavum to the pulmonary cavum to increase blood flow to pulmonary artery

-pulmonary valves open earlier

-vasoconstriction occurs to increase pressure in circuit

-staying warm at night-redirecting blood to core. increase cellular respiration, superoxygenate themselves

Front 28

Cells in Stomach lining

Back 28

mucas, chief, and parietal cells

Front 29

pepsinogen

Back 29

produced by chief cells in the stomach, breaks down protein

-activated to pepsin by HCl

Front 30

parietal cells

Back 30

-produce HCl in stomach

- break down protein

-activate pepsinogen with HCl

Front 31

mucus cells

Back 31

secretes mucin in stomach, protects cell lining and lubricates

Front 32

chief cells

Back 32

-produce pepsinogen in stomach, key for breakdown of protein

- pepsin activated by HCl.

-also produce zygogen

Front 33

gastrin

Back 33

hormone that is facilitating the production of HCl.

Front 34

enzymes that can work in acidic environment of stomach

Back 34

zygogen and pepsinogen

Front 35

CCK function

Back 35

(cholecystokinen)

-directly initiates bile production in liver

- directly increases enzyme production in the pancreas

- feeling of satiety (feeling comfort from eating)

Front 36

secretin

Back 36

-hormone secreted in the pancreas, increases bile secretion

-affects:

* decreases stomach motility (increases time exposed to breakdown molecules)

* increases bicarbonate secretion (pH regulation).

Front 37

insulin

Back 37

stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen, drop blood sugar

Front 38

glucagon

Back 38

promotes breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the blood

Front 39

duodenum

Back 39

tight network of capilaries in the small intestine region that hormones are secreted from

Front 40

Hypothalamus

Back 40

regulates blood glucose levels. triggers release of either glucagon or insulin.

Front 41

sarcomere

Back 41

-smallest functional unit of a muscle (smallest unit of contraction).

-one sarcomere is area between z lines, allowing contractile unit

Front 42

z line

Back 42

-functional proteins bounding the edges of a sarcomere

- actin attached to the z line, myosin filament

Front 43

t tubules

Back 43

transverse tubule, on muscle membrane.

-allow Na to flow into muscle through the sarcolemma.

Front 44

sarcolemma

Back 44

muscle membrane, not permeable. Has t-tubules on its surface to allow ion flow

Front 45

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 45

-similar to endoplasmic reticulum, transporter specialized for muscle-ion transport.

-t tubule is part of this.

- Ca2+ stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum, requires Na influx to release

Front 46

Calcium role in muscle contraction

Back 46

binds to troponin complex, allowing conformational shift thus exposing the binding sites for the myosin filaments.

Front 47

crossbridge

Back 47

ATP used to power binding of myosin head with the binding site on actin.

Front 48

muscle contraction cycle

Back 48

1. ATP bound to myosin head, turned to ADP inducing conformational change

2. crossbridge to bind myosin with binding site

3. ADP released, conformational change of myosin

4. ATP bound to myosin head.