Bio Ocean Final 2

Front 1

fishing gear

Back 1

purse seine
midwater trawl
bottom trawl
flatfish bottom trawl
scallop dredge
drift gill nets (regulate size)
long line
fish trap
fish pot

Front 2

basic assumption in managing fisheries

Back 2

recruitment (catch) is primarily a function of stock size

Front 3

density dependence

Back 3

high population size recruitment declines (competition)

Front 4

ricker curve

Back 4

R = aSe^–bs
recruits
s = spawner

Front 5

basic problem and approaches to managing fisheries

Back 5

how many fish in given stock?
tagging, using fisheries catch data

Front 6

t/n =

Back 6

r/c
tagging is proportion of tagged fish in size N; r is proportion of tagged recaptured (solve for N)

Front 7

CPUE should be ~

Back 7

proportional to Population

y/x = CPUE ~ P

y = catch, x = effort

Front 8

leslie plots

Back 8

experimentally fish down an entire area, keeping track of numbers and effort ; will eventually become insanely difficult to catch a fish (serious depletion of stock – good for rats, bad for fish)

Front 9

Maximum sustainable yield

Back 9

increased effort gives higher catch
cpue peaks at a point of MSY
further effort decreases stocks, cup declines

Front 10

problems with MSY

Back 10

minor improvements in technology cause CPUE to rise; incorrectly interpreted as stock ^

stock behave constantly

environment doesn't change

Front 11

ageing techniques

Back 11

scales, otoliths (inner ear stucture), growth rings on clam shells

Front 12

atlantic cod

Back 12

from greenland to hatteras, used to be huge, old females produce more eggs, move offshore/inshoe
collapsed in 1992

Front 13

3 reasons for cod collapse

Back 13

overestimating abundance, underestimating mortality

ability to catch fish at low levels

increased discarding and non reporting of small fish as population declined

Front 14

global fishery picture

Back 14

93 million tons from ocean each year
60% for food
13kg / person
27 million discarded as by catch (benthic more)
large predatory fish 10% of 1950 levels

Front 15

fishing down food web

Back 15

began with whales and walruses, then tuna, cod, sardines

now 'underutilized species' like dogfish sharks
shelllfish and benthic inverts( bivalves, urchins)

Front 16

early life history 3 hypotheses

Back 16

critical period/year class
match–mismatch
stable ocean

Front 17

critical period/year class hypothesis

Back 17

'1914 norwegian herring very strong later, stages dependent on egg/larvae stage'

Front 18

math–mismatch

Back 18

marine fish time reproduction so larval development matches periods of high productivity (blooms)

successful year classes result of spatio–temporal match between first feeding larva and availability of suitable bloom

Front 19

stable ocean

Back 19

ocean must be very patchy, clustered something like marine snow

lab studies show amount of zooplankton needed to feed anchovies massively huge

Front 20

homeostasis

Back 20

ability to have constancy of composition

Front 21

why proteins need P

Back 21

RNA codes them, needs phospholipids

Front 22

growth rate hypothesis

Back 22

can measure growth through phosphorous

Front 23

redfield ratio

Back 23

CNP 106 16 1
emergent

Front 24

nitrification

Back 24

NH3 to NO2 to No3 (autotrophic)

Front 25

dentrification

Back 25

No3 to No2 to N20 to N2
heterotrophic

Front 26

NP and redfield ratio upwelling

Back 26

nitrogen limiting at surface (photosynthesis)
exess N at depth, nitrification from dead ammonia, low O2

Front 27

phosphorous depth profiles

Back 27

PO4 (inorganic) low at surface, increases with depth as heterotrophic digestion

DOP high at surface, result of photosynthesis, decreases with depth

Front 28

shifts in redfield ratio

Back 28

down through denitrification (removal of usable NH3) (indian and pacific)

up through nitrogen fixation (atlantic – iron)

Front 29

haber bosch

Back 29

produce ammonia from N2 and H2 under high pressure

Front 30

denitrification occurs in

Back 30

02 minimum waters and sediments (indo, pacific)

Front 31

HNLC

Back 31

high nutrient low chlorophyll (southern ocean)

Front 32

global sinking fluxes

Back 32

POC and biogenic silica almost identical

Front 33

ideal unit stock

Back 33

strict breeding group of a biological species

Front 34

hydrographic containment

Back 34

explanation for recurrence across seas and species of mating conventions

–matching of spawning sites to subsequent larval drift paths

Front 35

stock change =

Back 35

recruitment + growth – natural mortality, – fishing mortality

Front 36

problems with stock change model

Back 36

models involve predicting future and don't account for changing stock dynamics

managers often overruled by politicians

Front 37

cpue, msy

Back 37

catch per unit effort
maximum sustainable yield

Front 38

problems with CPUE as measure of fish stock size

Back 38

high values at outset, later CPUE understimated
stocks same because fishers move
intentional misrepoorting
contionus improvmenets in fishing methods
shifts in stock due to environmental variations

Front 39

recruitment (stock/time, B/T)

Back 39

fish can be 'recruited' to a fishery when large enough to be captured by its methods

Front 40

recruitment rate

Back 40

number of young entering catchable stock per time
–depends list of variables that biologists continually trying to understand

Front 41

lincoln index

Back 41

evaluation of population estimates by marking and recapture

Front 42

problems with lincoln index

Back 42

tagged and recapture are trap prone
very few return
closed population assumption violated at sea
tags kill

Front 43

regime shifts

Back 43

usually sardine anchovy, climate dpendent

humboldt: high sardine high salinity warm
upwelling = anchovy

Front 44

demersal

Back 44

near bottom

Front 45

progressively moving closer to base of food chain by

Back 45

fishing down the food change

Front 46

residual stocks are

Back 46

~10% of mid 20th centrally zip for overall species mix

Front 47

estuaries and PP

Back 47

very high, limited by turbidity

Front 48

3 types of deltas

Back 48

Fan shaped – nile
bird foot = mississippi
delta – CB, SF

Front 49

estuarine cross section land out

Back 49

salt marsh
seagrass bed
mudflat
pelagic

Front 50

primary producers of cross section, land out

Back 50

marshgrasses (highly productive, enter as detritus)

seagrasses
episammic algae
phytoplankton

Front 51

ETM

Back 51

estuarine turbidity maximum
at salt wedge where 1 ppt isohaline intersects the bottom

Front 52

salt wedge

Back 52

traps particles
enhances trophic levels
higher zooplankton biomass
anadromous fish
high copepod abundance

Front 53

gravitational circulation

Back 53

landward current along bottom, seaward on top
organisms control horizontal movement by buoyancy

Front 54

chesapeake bay stats

Back 54

3 miles wide at annapolis, 30 miles at mouth of potomac

3600 species, 15 million people

~21 feet deep

Front 55

San Fran Estuary basics

Back 55

drains 40% area of california
high seasonal freshwater flow small in comparison to 6ft tides >5 knots
16% of historical water flow
lots of imported fish species, invasive

Front 56

X2

Back 56

distance from gold golden gate to salinity 2PPT
smaller = more freshwater, better for production
surrogate of flow (lower X2 higher flow)

Front 57

ecological benefits of X2 high flow

Back 57

habitat expansion (reduced salinity to spawn)

Front 58

pelagic basics

Back 58

75% of total ocean microbes
50% of total ocean microbial production
1–4 celsius, pressurized

Front 59

habitat distribution of water top to bottom

Back 59

terrestrial, epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathylpelagic (largest) abyssal pelagic hadal

Front 60

energy sources for deep sea organisms

Back 60

fluxes of particulate matter
DOM from MOC
in situ chemoautotrophic production (ammonia oxidation, sulfide oxidation, hydrogen oxidation)
hydrothermal vents

Front 61

particle flux

Back 61

negative exponential;
starts highest flux but degrades rapidly through 100–500 meters
evens out and drops down

Front 62

martin curve

Back 62

idealized flux
Fz = F100 * (z/100)^–b
flux at depth = flux at 100 meters * depth/100 ^ –empirical parameter

Front 63

problems with martin curve

Back 63

strongest particle attenuation between 100–500
(microbial degradation and zooplankton particle feeding)
B changes
sinking rates different for diff particles

Front 64

abyssal plane basics

Back 64

largest benthic habitat (60%)~4500 m
desertlike, only 1–2% of surface production falls
cold and salty, high O2
fish mostly scavengers
lots of echinoderms (but still small biomass)

Front 65

most abundant abyssal plane organisms

Back 65

seacucumbers
starfish
sponges (most endemic)
....arthropods

Front 66

hydrothermal vents basics

Back 66

warm diffuse flow (5–100 C) OR
superheated 250–400 C plumes with minerals
Low O2, high HS
usually toxic to cytochromes
humans sense at 10 PPM; LC 500 PPM
organic molecules from CO2, need O2

Front 67

Riftia facts

Back 67

85cm/y growth rate
1.5m long,density up to 176/square meter
no mouth but trophosome with symbiotic bacteria

Front 68

90% vent species

Back 68

molluscs, annelids, crustacea
short lived
giant clams have red soft body (hemoglobin, atypical)

Front 69

pompej worm

Back 69

hottest animal, lives up to 80 C
bacteria live on surface

Front 70

lost city vent characteristics

Back 70

lower temp
methane and hydrogen rich
alkaline fluid
small amounts of CO2 and sulfide (NO sulfide oxidation)

Front 71

cold seeps

Back 71

subduction zones
chemosynthetic
contribute significantly to primary production
low species diversity
influence metal content of water

Front 72

twilight adaptatons

Back 72

see or be seen
elephant pod – huge eyes, transparent bodies

photophores – match changing light from surface so invisible from below

pigeon fish – flat bodies with silver sides

Front 73

deep see adaptations

Back 73

bioluminesce to:
attract prey,
escape (Shrimp drop cargo, copepods shoot it away)
headlights

eat as much as possible, huge jaws (gulper eels)

Front 74

bottom adaptations

Back 74

echinoderms filter/suction feeders
rat tails/sleeper sharks olfactory to scavenge

Front 75

Biogenic Environments

Back 75

kelp, coral reefs, sea grasses, mangroves, sargassum

Front 76

kelp forest

Back 76

subtidal, outside 20ºC isotherms
need hard substrates, most in falkland islands
up to 1/2 m per day
90% becomes detritus

Front 77

keystone species in kelp forest

Back 77

sea otters; when down urchins up and kelp down (urchans eat holdfasts)

Front 78

meiofauna

Back 78

convergent
worm shaped
size: home of largest protists/smallest metazoans (between sand)
organs for temporary attachment
relatively mobile (grains shift)

Front 79

meiofauna characteristics

Back 79

interstitial, live in water between sand
convergent evolution
protective armor (Scales...)
k strategists

Front 80

Coral reefs essentials

Back 80

cnidaria and dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae)
shallow waters, warm temps, high salinity
meroplanktonic: lnaula larvae
exoskeleton 103 mm around polyp
GBReef 2 million, some 60
Atlantic 10,000

Front 81

coral symbiosis

Back 81

all nutrients bound in biomass, constant recycling (low F ratio, <.1))

CO2, NH4, P from polyp
Photosynthetic sugars, amino acids from algae
more calcification possible with symbionts

Front 82

coral taxonomy

Back 82

Phylum Cnidaria (nematocysts)
class Anthozoa
subclass Hexacorallia (hexagon symmetry)

Front 83

deep sea corals

Back 83

majority of coral species in deep dark water
greatest threat deep sea trawling
sea pens and sea whip/gobi (he almost discovered)

Front 84

algae in coral reefs

Back 84

Coralline (red)
important in cementing reef fragments
don't need a lot of light, bottom of coral

Front 85

Some Coral Reef Fish

Back 85

highly specialized
Parrot fish – grasps algae from corals (sand through it)

Angel Fish, Butterfly Fish, Moray Eel, Sea/Brittle Stars, Polycheates and sponges

Front 86

Triggerfish

Back 86

coral reef fish
dorsal fins lock in place (name) so that it harder to eat
strongs jaws, can blow on sand dollars to expose and eat

Front 87

Surgen fish

Back 87

coral reef fish
poisonous blade close to tail fin,
feed on small phytoplankton, some zoo

Front 88

giant clam

Back 88

Tridacna
largest bivalve mollusk, up to 400 lbs, 5 feet
dinoflagellate endosymbionts zooxanthellae

Front 89

coral reef ecology

Back 89

competition for space = chemical warfare

reproduction synchronized w/ moon

feed on zooplankton with nematocysts, mucous nets

primary production by zooxanthellae, reef algae, reef phytoplankton

Front 90

coral reef formation

Back 90

fringing reef along coast

barrier reef as land sinks leaving ocean water between reef and land

atolls as island continues to subside

Front 91

3 zones of coral reef

Back 91

reef flat (back reef): few m's deep, variations in TS

reef crest: highest point, exposed to air at Ltide

reef slope (fore reef): largest, outside of r crest; below 20 m soft corals sponges replace hard

Front 92

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Back 92

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Front 93

animal threat to c reef

Back 93

acanthaster planci (Crown of thorns starfish)

Front 94

mangrove swamp characteristics

Back 94

emergent vascular plants
tropical/subtropical
important tree genera: Red Rhizophora, black, white mangrove
salty, low o2, little wave action (variable TS)
high organic input
low stability (on mud)
physiological adaptations to salt
viviparous

Front 95

mangrove formation

Back 95

sediment entrapment, 95% of leaves become part of detrital food web

Front 96

viviparous Rhizophora

Back 96

seeds germinate on trees, drop into water and dispersed

Front 97

mangrove adaptations to NaCl

Back 97

roots have membrane prevents salt entering
leafs can excrete salt

Front 98

mangrove adaptations to low O2

Back 98

oxidized sediments around roots sucked in through pneumatophores

Front 99

mangrove adaptations to soft sediment

Back 99

anchor/cable/prop roots spread far and shallow

Front 100

mangrove morphology

Back 100

fish, shrimp Htide; land mammals Ltide
barnacles oysters sponges crabs on prop roots

mangroves seaward, marshes/t flats landwards

Front 101

sea grass characteristics

Back 101

flowering (underwater fertilization) vascular, need a lot of light

produce own environment, provide shade for algae

slow water movement and trap sediments
leafs grow like a conveyer belt, tips get colonized and eaten

shelter large number of species

Front 102

largest sea grass

Back 102

posidonia, clear water, up to 50 M

Front 103

sea grass zonation

Back 103

upper leaf epiphytes (plant on plant)
lower leaf
rhizome layer
sediment layer

Front 104

food source in vents

Back 104

vent walls and water, particles emerging from vents, covered with bacterial mats of chemosyntheiszers utilizing sulfide

Front 105

sulfur synthesis

Back 105

use SO4, outside sulfide (s2) and ammonium need a small amount of oxygen

Front 106

oxidation of sulfide (HS + 02)

Back 106

yields SO4 + H+, only done by bacteria

Front 107

result of quickly developing vent fields

Back 107

fauna must travel with them, large dispersal for larvae

Front 108

vents in back system NW Pacific and hydrothermal areas of SW
dominated by

Back 108

provannid snails

Front 109

MAR species

Back 109

Rimicaris

Front 110

vent invertebrates

Back 110

rifia pachyptila
rapidly growing 85 cm/yr
organ trophosome with symbiotic bacteria that oxidize sulfur

Front 111

polychaete that live on EPrise and Galapagos Ridge

Back 111

alvinella pompejana; live in parchment like tubes
extraordinarily heat tolerant

Front 112

6 cm shrimp

Back 112

rimicaris exoculata MAR 'without eyes' though can actually see heat a bit

Front 113

scaly foot gastropod

Back 113

coiled snail, 5 cm diameter, central indian ridge
foot is covered by iron sulfur minerals (plates)

weird side expansions on esophagus

Front 114

bathymodioulus and calpygena

Back 114

mollusk bivalves dependent on endosymbiotoic chemosynthesizing bacteria

Front 115

fox's experiment

Back 115

production of amino acids
formation of protein like structures
formation of proto cells from proteinoids
wet – dry – wet driving metabolism

Front 116

main groups of origin of life

Back 116

information first (RNA)

energy transduction first (energy currency like ATP)

Front 117

methylotrophs

Back 117

aerobically feed on methanol

Front 118

methanotrophs

Back 118

aerobicalically; also anaeraobicfeed on methane (bacteria and archaea)

Front 119

dentrification

Back 119

anaerobic respiration 1
use no3 to break down organic material
NO3 – No2 – NO – N20 (nitrous oxide) to N2

No3 to N2 same energy yield as O2 as terminal electron acceptor
dissimilative nitrate reduction

Front 120

assimilative vs dissimlative

Back 120

catabolism photosynthesis vs breakdown of complex

Front 121

sulfate respiration

Back 121

anaerobic respiration 2
uses so4 or S instead of O2 as terminal electron acceptor
byproducts = H2S (rotten eggs)
much less energy than nitrate

Front 122

fermentation

Back 122

anaerobic electrons transferred from more reduced to more oxidized ORGANIC compound very low energy
glucose to pyruvate (C3) to ethanol or lactate

Front 123

byproducts of fermentation

Back 123

hydrogen, organic acids,

Front 124

winogradsky colmn

Back 124

structured by oxygen then sulfur
take bunch of different soil and close; watch organisms develop

Front 125

habitat vs biome

Back 125

haitat is only physical environment

Front 126

populatino vs community

Back 126

group of individuals of one species vs interacting species

Front 127

assemblage

Back 127

co occuring (ot necessarily interacting ) species

Front 128

evenness vs carrying capacity

Back 128

relative abundance of species in relation to each other; highest, all equally abundant VS

theoretical max numbers given resource level

Front 129

trophic groups

Back 129

pooling species according to their position in food web

Front 130

gaia hypothesis

Back 130

communities as super organisms

Front 131

guilds

Back 131

groups of organisms exploiting same resources (suspension feeders)

Front 132

succession

Back 132

transition from one species composition to next OFTEN with complete replacement (blooms)

Front 133

mutualism vs competition

Back 133

both organisms benefit, both organisms lose

Front 134

amensalism

Back 134

postive or no relation one way, negative other. infauna vs suspension feeders

Front 135

island biogeography basics

Back 135

equilibrium in richness established by balancing extinction vs immigration

Front 136

rocky shore environment abiotic gradients

Back 136

exposure to wave action
desiccation light

in tidal ponds: salinity, temp, o2, pH

Front 137

balanus/ vs chthamauls mortality factors

Back 137

Desiccation: B between high spring/neap tides

Front 138

limpets

Back 138

clam like, took them out and many algae appear

Front 139

urchins

Back 139

increase in diversity of algae ; transition from R to K but eventually lower diversity as 1 organism wins out competition for light and space

Front 140

nucella

Back 140

dog when, important predator, drills holes into barnacles and mussels