Bio Midterms And Questions

Front 1

B-lymphocytes release _____? What type of immunity are they?

Back 1

Antibodies; they don't kill bacteria; HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Front 2

T-lymphocytes release _____? What type of immunity are they?

Back 2

Perforin molecules which signal the cell to go into apoptosis; CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Front 3

Antibodies are _____ but Antigens are _____

Back 3

Antibodies are good but Antigens are bad

Front 4

What is clonal selection?

Back 4

B-cell that recognizes divisions because making clone

Front 5

How do you join base pairs?

Back 5

sticky ends and DNA ligase

Front 6

RFLP = ?

Back 6

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (used for fingerprinting and comparing genomes)

Front 7

What does the homeobox do?

Back 7

Regulates embryo development; hox genes

Front 8

What is an episome?

Back 8

a type of plasmid that can also integrate into the host genome through the DNA genome

Front 9

Macromolecules are synthesized through what kind of reactions? What is the other kind of reaction?

Back 9

Dehydration (synthesis); hydrolysis (breaking apart)

Front 10

Viruses differ from all other living things in that (2 ways)?

Back 10

(1) Viruses are not comprised of cells and (2) they possess either DNA or RNA

Front 11

What must all living cells be able to synthesize as a source of chemical energy?

Back 11

ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate)

Front 12

What are the 3 types of macromolecules and their building blocks, and which is most abundant in all cells?

Back 12

3 types: Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (nucleotides); Most abundant = Proteins

Front 13

What is one kind of human cell that cannot divide even though it is living

Back 13

haploid

Front 14

What property of R groups in amino acids help make proteins soluble in the fluid region of membranes

Back 14

polar and charged

Front 15

in DNA, adenine is paired with ?

Back 15

adenine - thymine

Front 16

In DNA, guanine is paired with ?

Back 16

In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine

Front 17

In RNA, adenine binds with ?

Back 17

In RNA, adenine binds with uracil (only found in RNA!)

Front 18

Why do most proteins possess a quarternary structure?

Back 18

Most proteins possess a quaternary structure because they contain more than one polypeptide (terciary structure is only 1 polypeptide)

Front 19

What is chromatin comprised of?

Back 19

Chromatin is comprised of histones and DNA

Front 20

What charge does DNA have?

Back 20

negative (DNA)

Front 21

To neutralize the charge on DNA, what must the charge of histones be?

Back 21

positive (histones)

Front 22

If something is acidic, what is it's charge? Basic?

Back 22

Acidic - negative; Basic - positive

Front 23

If a tripeptide has 2 acidic R groups and 1 basic R group, what is the net charge?

Back 23

1- is the net charge: (2-) + (1+) = 1-

Front 24

What polysaccharides are comprised of glucose?

Back 24

starch, cellulose, and glycogen are polysaccharides that are comprised of glucose

Front 25

WHat holds DNA's double helix together?

Back 25

Hydrogen bonds joining the bases hold DNA strands together

Front 26

What is the sugar in DNA called?

Back 26

deoxyribose

Front 27

What is the sugar in RNA called?

Back 27

ribose

Front 28

What is the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

Back 28

ribosome

Front 29

The mitochondria is an organelle which contains?

Back 29

Organelle - contains cytochromes and the electron transport chain (ETC)

Front 30

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Back 30

Golgi apparatus - traffic cop; modifies proteins chemically to help direct their final location

Front 31

What do lysosomes do?

Back 31

Their enzymes break down old denatured proteins

Front 32

What does the plastid do?

Back 32

the plastid contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis

Front 33

Describe ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

Back 33

Rough ER: intracellular membrane network with ribosomes attached

Front 34

Describe SMOOTH Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 34

Smooth ER: intracellular membrane network with NO ribosomes and synthesizes lipids

Front 35

What does cholesterol do?

Back 35

Cholesterol affects the fluidity of biological membranes and is needed for the synthesis of steroids

Front 36

Which chemical is the major component of all biological membranes?

Back 36

phosphate

Front 37

Draw a plasma membrane!

Back 37

oooo(~~~)oooo
!!!!(~~~)!!!! <-- hydrophobic tails
¡¡¡¡(~~~)¡¡¡¡
oooo(~~~)oooo <--hydrophilic heads

Front 38

Receptor mediated endocytosis does what?

Back 38

Receptor mediated endocytosis is a specific type of transport what cause the genetic disease hypercholesterolemia

Front 39

In what ways are living cells able to drive reactions that require energy?

Back 39

1. Increase reactants at the site
2. Decrease the products at the site
3. Use a coupling reaction to create an exergonic reaction at the site

Front 40

What does activation energy do, how does it affect the substrate?

Back 40

The enzyme speeds up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of the substrate

Front 41

How does the enzyme catalase catalyze the reaction?

Back 41

It affects the rate in both directions

Front 42

Glycolysis is the anaerobic oxidation of ______ to ______ while the coenzyme _____ gets _________

Back 42

Glycolysis is the anaerobic oxidation of glucose to pyruvate while the coenzyme NAD+ gets reduced

Front 43

What is fermentation?

Back 43

Fermentation is the reduction of pyruvate to lactate or some other organic molecule

Front 44

What happens to NADH and where does it come from?

Back 44

During fermentation, the coenzyme NADH is OXIDIZED; it is derived from the vitamin NIACIN

Front 45

Glycolysis produces how many net moles of ATP per mole of glucose? (? ATP = 1 glucose)

Back 45

Glycolysis: 2 ATP = 1 glucose

Front 46

How many moles of ATP are produced by fermentation per mol of pyruvate?

Back 46

Fermentation: 0 ATP = 1 pyruvate

Front 47

Where is the Krebs cycle located?

Back 47

Krebs cycle is in the MATRIX

Front 48

Where are the enzymes for glycolysis located?

Back 48

glycolysis is in the cytosol

Front 49

Krebs cycle produces how many net moles of ATP per mole of pyruvate that is oxidized? How much per glucose?

Back 49

Krebs cycle: 1 ATP = 1 pyruvate = (2 ATP = 1 glucose)

Front 50

Mitochondria produces how many net moles of ATP per mole of glucose?

Back 50

Mitochondria: 32 ATP = 1 glucose

Front 51

Glucose is oxidized into what?

Back 51

H20 and CO2

Front 52

What do redox reactions create?

Back 52

Redox reations --> proton gradient

Front 53

The proton gradient synthesizes ______ through ______ and _______?

Back 53

The proton gradient synthesizes ATP through mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Front 54

THe synthesis of ATP is catalyzed by what enzyme?

Back 54

ATP Synthase?

Front 55

What are cytochromes?

Back 55

Cytochromes: iron atoms (ions) present in redox catalysts

Front 56

Where does ATP synthase occur?

Back 56

mitochondria

Front 57

What inhibits ATP synthesis in mitochondria by combining with cytochromes?

Back 57

Cyanide

Front 58

Where is the ETC located?

Back 58

ETC: innermembrane of the mitochondria

Front 59

Where do homologous duplicated chromosomes line up along one axis of the cell?

Back 59

Mitosis I

Front 60

What happens in Prophase I?

Back 60

Prophase I: Recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes

Front 61

What is the probability that 3 of your chromosomes are all derived from your mother's father?

Back 61

P = (1/2)^3

Front 62

If chromosomes fail to segregate normally, what stage would this occur during?

Back 62

Meosis I

Front 63

What is nondisjunction?

Back 63

When chromosomes fail to segregate normally

Front 64

What is a chromosome abnormality that increases markedly as a function of mother's age?

Back 64

Down Syndrome

Front 65

What is an example of a sex-linked recessive trait?

Back 65

Hemophilia (is only on the x-chromosome)