Geo Midterm

Front 1

T/F

Through the rock record and using geologic principles we can determine aspects of the earth's past

Back 1

True

Front 2

The age of the Earth is about

Back 2

4.6 Billion years

Front 3

The Earth's core is probably

Back 3

composed mostly of iron and nickel

Front 4

The division of the Earth that exists below the crust, and above the core, is the

Back 4

mantle

Front 5

Y/N

Does the current theory postulate that the universe has been moving apart faster and speeding up for the last 7 billion years?

Back 5

Yes

Front 6

Geologists use this principle to interpret the Earth's past events and predict potential future events

Back 6

uniformitarianism

Front 7

y/n

The Earth is a dynamic and changing place.

Back 7

Yes

Front 8

The science of geology is divided into two broad areas: ______ and ________ geology

Back 8

Physical and Historical

Front 9

*****

The most interior division of the planet Earth is the core, which is liquid at its center because of extreme pressures, but solid toward the Earth's surface.

Back 9

False - inner core is solid and outer core is liquid

Front 10

T/F

The principle of uniformitarianism is based on the idea that modern processes have operated throughout geologic time

Back 10

True

Front 11

T/F

The solar system and earth contain elements recycled from another star.

Back 11

True

Front 12

What's the thickest layer of earth's interior?

Back 12

Mantle

Front 13

We know about Earth's past primarily from studying

Back 13

The Rock Record

Front 14

T/F

Earth doesn't change very much.

Back 14

False

Front 15

T/F

We know from Uniformitarianism that we can't learn anything about the past from studying the present.

Back 15

False

Front 16

T/F

The best explanation for the formation of the moon is that of a collision between a mars-sized planet and earth.

Back 16

True

Front 17

Which is closer in age:

A) Earth and Moon

B) Sun and Universe

Back 17

Earth and Moon

Front 18

T/F

The moon was formed over 6 billion years ago.

Back 18

False, it was formed about 4.5 billion years ago.

Front 19

T/F

The earth doesn't have a lot of visible impact craters like the moon because it is dynamic and changing.

Back 19

True

Front 20

T/F

Igneous rock texture tells us something about the rate of cooling of the igneous rock.

Back 20

True

Front 21

T/F

"Weathering" is a process associated with sedimentary rock.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Metamorphic rocks can form from an increase in _____________ and/or ___________.

Back 22

Temperature and pressure

Front 23

T/F

Igneous rocks are only formed in volcanic eruptions.

Back 23

False

Front 24

T/F

Metamorphic rocks are more commonly produced through regional metamorphism than any other process.

Back 24

True

Front 25

Most of the minerals present in Earth's crust belong to this mineral group:

What percentage?

Back 25

Silicates

95%

Front 26

** T/F

If a quartz sandstone is subjected to metamorphism, the resulting rock will be a marble.

Back 26

False.

Limestone becomes marble.

Sandstone becomes quartzite.

Front 27

The principle of the rock cycle is that

Back 27

Any rock can be transformed into a new rock of the same or a different class.

Front 28

Which rock types can be metamorphosed?

Back 28

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks.

Front 29

T/F

Oxygen makes up about 50% and Silicon about 30% of Earth's crust. Because of this, silicates make up an estimated 95% of the minerals in Earth's crust.

Back 29

True

Front 30

T/F

Rocks are made up of 1 or more minerals.

Back 30

True - exceptions are coal and volcanic glass.

Front 31

T/F

Metamorphic changes can be compositional or textural where the minerals become aligned.

Back 31

True

Front 32

Rocks that crystallize from molten material and are formed at high temperature are called ________ rocks.

Back 32

Igneous.

Front 33

The massive, positively-charged particles in the nucleus of an atom are

Back 33

Protons

Front 34

Carbon 12 (C12) ,carbon 13 (C13), and carbon 14 (C14) are all __________ of the element carbon.

Back 34

Isotopes

Front 35

T/F

Granite is a common type of igneous rock.

Back 35

True

Front 36

***
What determines what an element is?

Back 36

The number of protons.

Front 37

What's the major criteria that we use to tell a lamination from a bed? Which is bigger?

Back 37

Size - Bed is bigger.

Front 38

What are the 3 major types of rock?

Back 38

Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary.

Front 39

***

Iron-bearing minerals in magma gain their magnetism and align themselves with the magnetic field when they cool through the:

Back 39

Curie Point

Front 40

Y/N

Can a hot spot be used to determine plate movements?

Back 40

Yes.

Front 41

Name the three types of plate boundaries.

Back 41

Convergent

Divergent

Transform

Front 42

Name the three types of convergent boundaries.

Back 42

Oceanic-Continental

Oceanic-Oceanic

Continental-Continental

Front 43

Plate motions can be determined by:

Back 43

-Magnetic anomalies on sea floor

-Movement over hot spots

-Correlation of physiographic features

Front 44

* What types of magma are produced at the hot spot of the pic shown?

<----- Direction of plate Hotspot

Back 44

Basalitic

Front 45

Y/N

Is this hot spot stationary?

Back 45

Yes

Front 46

Plate tectonic helps explain the distribution of :

Back 46

-Life

-Physiographic features

-Mineral deposits

Front 47

What type of plate boundary is being shown?

Back 47

Convergent.

Front 48

Is the volcano in question 47 likely to be violent?

Back 48

Yes.

Front 49

What type of plate boundary is shown?

Back 49

Divergent

Front 50

Is the volcano in 49 likely to be violent?

Back 50

No

Front 51

T/F

The Earth's magnetic polarity never changes.

Back 51

False

Front 52

What types of rocks are being created here?

Back 52

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.

Front 53

***

What types of magma are produced at the Hawaiian hot spot?

Back 53

Basaltic

Front 54

Can the Hawaiian hot spot be used to determine plate movements?

Back 54

yes

Front 55

**

Is the Hawaiian hot spot rarely explosive?

Back 55

Yes

Front 56

****

Y/N

A convergent plate boundary where the oceanic crust is subducted below the continental crust occurs in many places. Are there location where the continental crust gets subducted below the oceanic crust?

Back 56

No.

Front 57

T/F

Plate tectonics has existed as a theory for over a hundred years.

Back 57

False. 1950's - 1970's.

Front 58

What's probably the driving mechanism of plate tectonics?

Back 58

Convection cells in mantle

Front 59

** T/F

Oceanic ridges are geologically stable features where only pelagic sedimentation takes place.

Back 59

False

Front 60

What's the most famous and studies hot spot?

Back 60

Hawaiian

Front 61

What measures the direction and intensity of remnant magnetism in rocks?

Back 61

Paleomagnetism

Front 62

Where is the newest ocean crust formed?

Back 62

Spreading Ridges.

Front 63

Which type of plate boundary was associated with the largest earthquake since 1900?

Where was it?

Back 63

Convergent

Chile

Front 64

A plate was moving at 25 km/my.

______________ mm/yr

______________ cm/yr

Back 64

25

2.5

Front 65

What's the name of the fault that runs from San Francisco to Los Angeles?

Back 65

San Andreas Fault - transform

Front 66

What are the 2 types or methods of age dating?

Back 66

Relative and Absolute

Front 67

Can Sedimentary rocks be dated absolutely?

Back 67

Yes

Front 68

When does the clock start for c14 dating?

Back 68

When a living thing dies.

Front 69

*** T/F

Fossils are one of the best ways to date metamorphic rocks?

Back 69

False - get rid of fossil

Front 70

T/F

Most absolute dates come from metamorphic rocks?

Back 70

False

Front 71

**** T/F

We can date a 70 million year old dinosaur fossil using 14C.

Back 71

False- only 70,000 years

Front 72

** T/F

Geologists use the natural radioactive decay of elements as the foundation for relative time dating.

Back 72

False

Front 73

What are the 2 methods to assign relative ages to rocks?

Back 73

Cross cutting relationships

Superposition

Front 74

T/F

Cross cutting relationships and radioactive decay are both used to determine absolute ages of rock

Back 74

False

Front 75

T/F

The discovery of radioactive decay set the stage for the development of radiometric age dating.

Back 75

True

Front 76

The principle of _______________ states that igneous intrusion or a fault must be younger than the rock it displaces.

Back 76

Cross-cutting relationships

Front 77

T/F

The law of superposition makes it possible to determine the exact age of a rock.

Back 77

False

Front 78

If a radioactive element Q has a half life of 10 million years, how much of the original amount of Q exists after 10 million years?

Back 78

1/2

Front 79

Y/N

Igneous rocks can be dated using radiometric methods while age dates from metamorphic rocks are not reliable?

Back 79

Yes

Front 80

Does the fossil record favor those organisms with hard parts, shells, or skeletons?

Back 80

Yes

Front 81

__________ provides the only record of prehistoric life.

Back 81

Fossil record

Front 82

A(n) ________ is a depositional break in rock sequence indicating missing time.

Back 82

Unconformity

Front 83

Back 83

Nonconformity

Front 84

Back 84

Angular unconformity

Front 85

Back 85

Disconformity

Front 86

Sediment C is older than the shale above it because of what law or principle?

Back 86

Principle of Superposition

Front 87

Fossils are most abundant in __________ rocks.

Back 87

Sedimentary

Front 88

____________ occurs when one chemical compound substitutes for another during fossilization.

Back 88

Replacement

Front 89

Name the 3 types of Unconformities.

Back 89

Angular

Non

Dis

Front 90

T/F

Most fossils are found in metamorphic rocks

Back 90

False

Front 91

What type of stream?

Back 91

Braided

Front 92

****

Braided stream - which type of rock will be deposited in this type of environment?

Back 92

Conglomerates

Front 93

Back 93

meandering stream

Front 94

Meandering -

What type of rocks will be deposited in this type of environment?

Back 94

Sands and shales

Front 95

How are uniform ripple marks made?

Back 95

waves

Front 96

Back 96

Aeolian

Front 97

Under what conditions was the sand above deposited (Aeolian)

Back 97

Arid (dry)

Front 98

T/F

The Mississippi river delta is a stream or sediment dominated delta because there's more sediment being carried in than can be removed by available wave or other energy.

Back 98

True

Front 99

Which type of radioactive dating would you use to date the various lobes of the river?

Back 99

Carbon 14

Front 100

Besides radio active methods, what else might we use to date the various lobes of the river delta?

Back 100

Fossils

Front 101

Which type of river delta?

Back 101

Tide dominated

Front 102

A barrier island system such as that on the right is made up of :

Back 102

Beach Sands

Dunes

Tidal Flats

Front 103

Barrier islands are typical of what type of continental margin?

Back 103

Passive

Front 104

Which are primary areas of deposition for sedimentary rocks?

Back 104

Continental

Marine

Transitional

Front 105

If you observed a thick bed of salt that was deposited in the Jurassic what was the climate like there?

Back 105

hot and dry

Front 106

Which are detrital sedimentary rocks?

Back 106

Sandstone

Shale

Front 107

T/F

Sedimentary structures are important in determining environments of deposition for sedimentary rocks.

Back 107

True

Front 108

T/F

Mud cracks are common in sandstones

Back 108

False, shale is

Front 109

T/F

Age dating of sedimentary rocks using fossils requires the use of evolution?

Back 109

False

Front 110

Ocean retreats -goes out

Back 110

Regression

Front 111

Sea level rises - comes in

Back 111

Transgression

Front 112

Natural selection depends on all but one of the following mechanisms

-organisms in all pops possess inheritable traits

-not all young survive to reproduce

-Organisms can pass on traits to their offspring that they acquire while living

-Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits

Back 112

C

Front 113

2 steps of evolution by natural selection

Back 113

Variations must exist

Variations must be selected

Front 114

***

Which type of extinction is more common in nature--

Background or Mass?

Back 114

Background

Front 115

Are background extinctions common in geologic history?

Back 115

Yes

Front 116

Is the theory of evolution a scientific theory?

Back 116

Yes

Front 117

** T/F

A structure possessed by an animal that no longer serves any function is called an extra appendage.

Back 117

False it's called vestigial.

Front 118

T/F

Background extinctions occur rarely in nature

Back 118

False

Front 119

Pioneers in field of evolution

Back 119

Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel

Front 120

In evolutionary terms, the best thing to be is:

Back 120

well adapted to your environment but able to change if your environment changes

Front 121

Interbreeding populations that give rise to diverse types of organisms illustrate the process of

Back 121

divergent evolution

Front 122

T/F

All mutations are either harmful or beneficial.

Back 122

False

Front 123

T/F

Sometimes the best adaptations for a population may be small size or the ability to hide

Back 123

True

Front 124

**

Charles Darwin was best known in the 19th century for

Back 124

Making the idea of evolution acceptable for scientists and the educated general public.

Front 125

A group of organisms that have the ability to reproduce with members of their group

Back 125

Species