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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which biogeochemical cycle does not have an atmospheric component?
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phosphorous
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What are the nonliving aspects of an ecosystem called?
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abiotic factors
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Which type of macromolecule stores genetic information?
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nucleotides
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What structure do all cells have?
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cell membrane
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Which organelle is called the “powerhouse of the cell”?
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mitochondria
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The process of the plasma membrane pumping excess sodium out of a cell into an environment where there is a lower concentration of sodium is called?
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active transport
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What polymer makes proteins?
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amino acids
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Which chemical do all organic compounds contain?
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carbon
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What are organisms at the top of an ecological pyramid are called?
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apex predators
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Which process increases genetic diversity within a population?
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sexual reproduction
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If a cell has 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have mitosis?
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20
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What is the first phase of mitosis called?
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prophase
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What is the role of the spindle fibers in mitosis?
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separate/ pull apart chromosomes
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What ability have cancer cells lost?
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to control cell growth
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What is it called when cells specialize during development?
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cell differentiation
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Which type of organism does cancer affect?
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all multicellular organisms
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What is an advantage of having a cell’s DNA bundled into separate chromosomes?
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each daughter cell will get the same number of genes
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What must a cell do first to divide successfully?
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duplicate its genetic information
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What is the role of external regulatory proteins in the cell cycle?
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direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle
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What are the problems that cells face if they grow too large?
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can't retain enough nutrients, expelling waste, more demands the cell places on DNA
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What can be said about the genetic information of two chromatids of a chromosome?
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each get one new copy of genetic information. game genetic info (DNA)
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What does the process of mitosis ensures equal distribution of?
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chromosomes
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What are the characteristics of living organisms?
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movement, reproducing, responds to the environment, growth and development
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How are sister chromatids attached to each other?
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at the centromere
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What are the ratios of offspring when hybrid tall pea plants are crossed?
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50 heterozygous tall, 25 homozygous tall, 25 homozygous short
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What is the outward appearance of a genetic trait called?
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phenotype
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How is the inheritance of two gene traits that are unrelated explained?
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independent assortment
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How is the inheritance of two gene traits that are related explained?
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gene linkage
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How many chromosomes are found in a sperm cell in comparison to a body cell?
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half
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When does crossing over occur in the cell cycle?
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when homologous chromosomes line up in pairs
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How do you get a 9:3:3:1 genetic inheritance ratio?
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dihybrid cross
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Why did Mendel remove the male parts of the pea plants he was crossing?
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so that the plant wouldn't asexually reproduce
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Roan cattle, which have a combination of red and white hairs, are an example of
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___codominant alleles_____ inheritance.
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What type of inheritance is characterized by two different colors producing a third color?
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incomplete dominance
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What is the ratio of offspring expected in a heterozygous incomplete dominant cross?
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25:50:25
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Science differs from other disciplines because science relies on
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______testing explanations_______________.
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What is a theory?
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A system of ideas intended to explain something
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Which characteristic of living things is explained by migration?
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responding to the changes of an environment
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The variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment is called the
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independent variable
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The three particles of an atom are
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Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
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The pH of stomach acid is
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1.5, below 7
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What does a catalyst do?
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speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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What are the two types of carbohydrates?
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simple and complex
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
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DNA and RNA
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Enzymes that are biological catalysts are
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proteins
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The initial lens on a microscope used to locate the specimen is the
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scanning objective lens
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The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the
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ecosystem
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How do most primary producers make their own food?
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with energy from the sun/ biochemical energy; light energy, carbs
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Human burning of fossil fuels moves carbon through the carbon cycle includes which other processes?
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Biological, geological, physical/chemical
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The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food
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web/chain
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What is the total amount of living tissue within a trophic level called?
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biomass
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Know the terms: carnivore, consumer, autotroph, herbivore, producer and decomposer
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Carnivore- organism obtaining energy by eating animals./ Herbivore- organism obtaining energy by eating plants./ Decomposer- organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter./ Consumer- organism relying on other organisms for it's energy/ Autotroph/producer- organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds.
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How are the movements of energy and nutrients through living systems different?
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nutrients recycle and energy has one flow
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Why are most food chains only 4-5 steps long?
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Only a small portion of the energy transferred in a trophic level is stored in the bodies of organisms in the next level
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What are some abiotic factors?
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water, sunlight, wind, rocks, dirt, etc.
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How is energy transferred within the biological community?
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energy is transferred in trophic levels
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Organisms that break down and feed on dead organisms are called?
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decomposers
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What is the sequence of energy flow through a food chain?
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Primary Producers > Various Consumers One way flow.
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What is an organism’s niche?
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full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way which it uses the conditions
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What is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed?
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parasitism
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A scientific hypothesis can be tested
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by during experiments or observations
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What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
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Primal secession begins on newly exposed surfaces while secondary succession begins on soil.
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Orchids growing high on trees to get sunlight for photosynthesis are an example of?
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Commensalism
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Freshwater ecosystems that purify water by filtering pollutants and prevent flooding are
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wetlands
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The first species to repopulate an area affected by volcanic eruption is called
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pioneer species
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What are temperate grasslands in the called?
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prairies
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The arctic is the polar bear’s
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_______habitat__________.
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What is the main function of a vacuole?
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storage
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What is the role of ribosomes?
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Synthesize proteins.
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What are the parts of the cell theory?
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1: All living things are made up of cells, 2: All living things arise from preexisting cells by division, 3: The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
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What is diffusion?
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Movement of materials of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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During diffusion, if the concentration on both sides of the membrane is the same, the molecules will?
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Continue to move across the membrane in both directions.
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How does diffusion differ from active cell transport
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Active transport requires cell energy while diffusion does not.
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Ridding the cell of materials by discharging the materials in vesicles is called?
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exocytosis
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Organelles that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules is done by?
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lysosomes
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What are cell membranes made of?
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lipid bilayer
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as
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osmosis
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What is tissue composed of?
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similar cells
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Which cell structures are sometimes found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?
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ribosomes
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Who first saw chambers in cork?
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robert hooke
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What is the sequence of protein synthesis in a cell?
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1: Ribosomes 2: ER 3: Golgi Apparatus
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Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are convenient for the cells to use?
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mitochondria
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Unlike the cell membrane, the cell’s wall is
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rigid
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An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes
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water to move in the cell
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Photosynthesis is to chloroplast as respiration is to?
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Mitochondria.
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Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?
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thylakoid membrane
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What stores information in a cell?
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DNA
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How are carnivores and herbivores alike?
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both obtain energy by consuming other organisms
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Know the reaction of photosynthesis.
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coming in carbon dioxide and water going out oxygen and glucose
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What are characteristics of the nucleus?
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decides what material comes in and out, stores coded instructions, ribosome assembly takes place.
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During a controlled experiment, a scientist isolates and tests
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______a single variable__________
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How do organisms get the energy they need?
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by breaking down food molecules for energy
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What is the symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected?
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commensalism
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Why are electron carriers needed for transporting electrons from one part of the chloroplast to another?
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high energy electrons are highly reactive
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What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?
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electron carrier molecule
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Several species of warblers can live in the same spruce tree only because
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they occupy different niches within the tree
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Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two week period is called
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data
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Where do light-dependent reactions take place?
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thylakoid membrane
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Colors seen in images made from electron microscopes are
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__added to make certain structures easier to see___________
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Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?
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it requires oxygen
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Know the order of ecosystem taxonomy.
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individual species, population, community, ecosystem, biome.
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Living things adjust to a stimulus by a reaction called
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_____response_____________
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How do living things change during their lives?
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by growing and developing
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Why do leaves appear green?
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chlorophyll reflects green color
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What helps a dog maintain homeostasis?
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panting
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What should a scientist conclude about data that is inconsistent with current scientific understanding?
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further investigation to find out why
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Why do scientists repeat investigations several times?
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consistent data
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What are the steps used by scientists for gathering information and testing hypotheses called?
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scientific method
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What is a decomposer?
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an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material
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How do nutrients move through an ecosystem?
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using the biogeochemical cycles
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Be able to read a Punnett Square
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Know how to determine the possible gamete combinations from a dihybrid gene cross. |
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