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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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oxidation |
a substance loses electrons, or isoxidized
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reduction |
a substance gained electrons or is reduced(the amount of positive charge is reduced) |
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Where does glycolysis takeplace in eukaryotic cells? |
-first stage of harvesting energy from glucose -breaks down glucose into two molecules f pyruvate -occurs in the cytoplasm and has tow major phases -energy investment phase -energy payoff phase -occurs whether or not o2 is peset |
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The ATP made during glycolysis is generatedby ________________ phosphorylation.
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substrate level |
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In eukaryotic cells what catabolic pathway that produces ATP & NADH will proceed whether oxygen (O2) is presentor absent?
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glycolysis |
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In addition to ATP & NADH, what are the end products of glycolysis (what is glucose broken down into)?
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Pyruvate |
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What enters the citric acid cycle and isformed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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Where are the proteins of the electrontransport chain located?
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mitochondrial inner membrane |
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In cellular respiration, the energy formost ATP synthesis is supplied by a _________ gradient across a membrane.
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electron transpot chain |
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The primary role of oxygen in cellularrespiration is to accept ________ and _______ is formedEnergy released by the electrontransport chain is used to move H+ into whichlocation in eukaryotic cells?
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hydrogen and electrons |
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What is the proton-motive force in mitochondria and what does it power?
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-is the H+ gradient -powers the synthesis of ATP |
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In respiration, what complex produces ATP and briefly describe how it works? |
glucose energy -glycolysis- a molecule of glucose is made into pyruvate -two phases :energy investment(2ATP) and energy-payoff(produces 4ATP)=in total 2 ATP -Krebs cycle pyruvate is put with coenzyme A which =acetyl CoA, 1 ATP, NADH and FADH are used in next step -etc-NADH and FADH2 release energy in a bunch of reactions that give power to the active transport of protons from lumen to inner membrane in mitochondria to move down gradient pass through an atp synthase protein powered by protons covert ADP to ATP |
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
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inner membrane |
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One function of both alcohol fermentationand lactic acid fermentation is to:
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oxidize NADH to NAD+ |
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What is the function of FADH2 and NADH?
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produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from the food to the electron transport chain |
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Whatis the name of this series of reaction?
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glycolysis |
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Where in the cell does it occur?
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cytosol |
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Wherewould you find kinases?
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when the phosophate group is transfered from PEP to ADP a second example of substrate level phosphorylation forming pyruvate |
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k |
; |
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Photosynthesis ATP |
-the temp energy of the cell created by chemiosmosis and the ETC used in the calvin cycle |
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ATP Synthase
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-the enzyme that uses chemiosmosis and ETC to synthesize ATP |
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Electron Transport Chain
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sequence of cytochromes that transport high energy electrons |
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NADPH
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reduced form of the primary electron carrier in photosynthesis |
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Water splitting
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-in photosystem II -replaces its light excited delectrons by extracting electrons from the water -releases o2 during photosynthesis |
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NADPH reducing
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-photosystem I -transfers its light-excted electrons to the NADP+ reducing it to NADPH |
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Calvin Cycle, RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate),
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-a cycle that introduces(3) CO2 to a 5-carbon compound uses 9 ATP and produces 1 molecule of G3P - CO2 acceptor |
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Rubisco
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an enzyme that attaches carbon dioxide to RubP |
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G3P
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-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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Chloroplast
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the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place |
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, Stroma,
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fluid inside chloroplast |
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Thylakoid Membrane,
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-is a membrane -in chloroplast -where ligh-dependent reactions occur -makes tubules that cover a section |
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Thylakoid Space,
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-the inner space held together by the membrane of the thylakoid in a chloroplast -thylakoid memebranes cover the space have pigments that take in light |
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grana (granum)
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stacks of thykaloids |
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Whatis the overall equation for photosynthesis?
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- 6CO2 + 12H2O in the presences of sunlight and Chlorophyll <--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O |
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What is the name of the pigment that captures theenergy of light?
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chlorophyll |
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In what compartment do the light (“photo”) reactionsoccur?
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chloroplast |
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Why is water split and O2 produced in photosynthesis?
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= to provide electrons for the light reactions and hydrogen atoms needed for the dark synthesis reaction |
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What high-energy electron carrier is produced? What happens to the electron?
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- NADPH -it goes into the calvin cycle |
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What is the energy of the electron used for?
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- making G3P |
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Is a concentration gradient generated?
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-yes |
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Whereis this gradient found?
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- from inside the thylakoid membrane to outside the thylakoid membrane |
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What happens to the protons?
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- |
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Howis ATP produced?
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- through ATP synthase |
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What is the force that powers ATP synthase?
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-THe H+ gradients |
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Where do the dark (“synthesis”) reactions occur?
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-Stroma |
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In what cycle is CO2 used? What is the first intermediate in the cycle?
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-calvin cycle -RuBp |
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What enzyme attaches the C from CO2 to the intermediate?
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- rubisco |
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What products of the light reactions are used?
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- NADPH -ATP |
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What is the final product of the dark reactions?
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- G3P |
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How many carbons on it?
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- 3 |
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What is it used to make?
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- sugar |
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Is the first intermediate regenerated?
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- yes |
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What are stomata (stoma)?
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- microscopic pore surrounded by guard cell in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between teh environment and the interior of the plant |
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What is C3 photosynthesis?
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-first product of carbon fixation is a three carbon sugar |
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What are C4 and CAM photosynthesis?
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-there first product of carbon fixation is a four carbon sugar as opposed to a three carbon sugar -plant uses an adaptation for photosyntheis in dry conditions where CO2 comes in stomata at night and changes it to organic acids which then create CO2 for the calvin cycle in the day during the time where stomata are not open |
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In which are stomata closed during the day?
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- CAM |
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Which is the most efficient?
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- ASK HER |
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Know the difference between the light reactions and darkreactions (Calvin cycle). Which splitwater, which make ATP & NADPH, which use them to fix carbon dioxide intoorganic molecules
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- |
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What are light harvesting complexes, accessory (antennae)pigments?
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- consists of pigment molecules connected to protein -# and variety of these enable a photosystem to harvest light over a large surface and a bigger area the spevtrum than one pigment molecule -act as atenna for reaction center complex -wen a pgment molecule absorb a photon the energy is transferred from pigment moleucel to pigment molecule within a light harbesting complex |
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What is the function of magnesium in the chlorophyll molecule?
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- |
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What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?
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- |
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Where are the electron transport complexes & ATP synthase complexes located in chloroplasts?
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- thykaloid membrane and innner mitochondrial membrane |
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What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
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- ATP and NADPH |
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Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
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- also called the dark reaction -in stroma -happens at any time |
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What is rubisco, ribulose bisphosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
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-THe enzyme that is responsible for carbon fixation in the calvin cycle and possibly the most abundant protein uiversaly -in phase two(reduction stage the reducing power of NADPH will donate electrons to the low energy acid 1, 3-bisphophoglycerate to form the 3 carbon sugar |
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What is this photosynthetic cycle? What are inputs and products? What is thefirst intermediate that is later regenerated
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-ATP and NADPH and CO2 and then outputs G3P and NADP+ and ADP RuBp |
