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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does acetylcholine do?
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It's excitatory to vertebrate skeletal muscles and excitatory or inhibitory at other sites.
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Name the biogenic amine neurotransmitters and what they do.
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-Norepinephrine: excitatory or inhibitory
-Dopamine: Mostly excitatory, sometimes inhibitory -Serotonin: Inhibitory |
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Name the amino acid neurotransmitters and what they do.
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-GABA: Inhibitory
-Glycine: Inhibitory -Glutamate: Excitatory -Aspartate: Excitatory |
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Name the neuropeptide neurotransmitters and what they do.
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-Substance P: Excitatory
-Met-enkephalin: Inhibitory |
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Are presynaptic neuromodulators typically inhibitory or excitatory?
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Mostly inhibitory.
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What's the most common excitatory neurotransmitter? What are its major classes?
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Glutamate:
-Excitatory -Inhibitory -Long term metabolic effects |
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Compare the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters
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They can produce similar effects on the cells upon which they act.
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What does 'excitation' mean?
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Movement of a membrane's potential closer to threshold -- An increase in the probability that the post-synaptic neuron will produce an action potential.
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What is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter?
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GABA -- Gama Aminobutyric Acid
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Compare the effects of inhibitory vs. excitatory synapses
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-Inhibitory hyperpolarize, excitatory depolarize
-Inhibitory inc. Cl- permeability and influx, excitatory inc. Na+ permeability and influx |
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Compare the electrical and chemical gradients acting on Cl- during inhibition. What's the net result?
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The electrical gradient is outward but the chemical gradient is stronger going inward. Net result is that chloride goes in and hyperpolarization occurs.
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Where are neurotransmitter receptors located on post-synaptic cells?
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Right where the pre-synaptic terminals meet the post-synaptic cell.
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Compare the location of EPSPs and IPSPs
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EPSPs are further away from the cell body than IPSPs
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What are the two names of the major feature located between the cell body and the axon?
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Axon hillock or the first heminode
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Where do action potentials get triggered in cells?
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At the axon hillock aka. first heminode.
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What's the relationship between the distance of a synaptic input and its effectiveness?
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Synaptic inputs are more powerful when they're closer to the axon hillock aka. first heminode.
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Compare the number of inhibitory synapses vs. excitatory synapses in the brain.
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There are more inhibitory than excitatory synapses.
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Compare gradation of sodium- and calcium-ion channels
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Calcium ion channels are usually graded, whereas sodium channels usually aren't.
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What components does animal movement depend on?
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Microtubules and microfilaments
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What are the two important classes of microfilaments?
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Actin and myecin
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What are the main features of muscle fibers?
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-Elongated
-Multiple nuclei from myoblast subunits -Striated due to arrangement of actin and myecin |
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What are the precursor cells to muscle fibers? What feature do they impart on muscles?
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Myoblasts. They join together to make muscle cells multinucleated.
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What are tendons composed of? What function do tendons serve?
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Collagen. They attach muscles to bones.
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What are the terms for each end of a muscle cell?
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Origin and insertion.
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What direction do muscles move when they contract? What force causes them to move the other way?
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They shorten - never elongate. Antagonistic muscles.
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What is the name for a bundle of muscle fibers? How about a single muscle fiber?
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Fascicle. Myofiber.
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What's the innermost part of a muscle called?
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Sarcoplasm.
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What are the repeating segments of muscle fibers called? What's important about them?
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Sarcomere. They're the functional units of muscle cells.
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