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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What agents are responsible for inducing inflammation? Where do they come from?
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Histamines that come from mast cells and basophils, and prostaglandins that come from activated macrophages.
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What agents are responsible for attracting phagocytes? Where do they come from?
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Chemokines, which come from many cells including endothelial cells.
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What does inflammation consist of? Why?
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1. Heat - The chemicals cause vasodilation
2. Redness - "" "" 3. Swelling - Comes from edema 4. Pain - Pain nerves are triggered |
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Why is it good that pre-capillary sphincters leak during inflammation?
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-Facilitates white blood cells leaving the blood
-Allows plasma proteins to leak out, which include antibodies and other proteins |
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Which immune mechanism is more powerful- acquired or innate?
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Acquired
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What binds to epitopes on antigens?
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Antibodies, B-cell receptors, and T-cell receptors.
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What's an antibody?
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A protein molecule that specifically binds to an antigen.
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What's an antigen?
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A molecule that binds to an antibody.
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What secretes antibodies?
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B-cells
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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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B-cells and T-cells
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What activates the helper t-cells? What's this process called?
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Dendritic cells. This is called antigen presentation.
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What functions do dendritic proteins serve? What are they called?
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1. They identify cells that belong to your body
2. Antigen presentation |
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What happens during helper T-cell activation? What starts it and what must occur concurrently?
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The helper T-cell binds to an antigen. It's triggered by dendritic cells, and it needs B-cell activation.
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Why do B- and T-cells bind during antigen activation?
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It's a failsafe mechanism that prevents an immune response from happening inappropriately.
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What's an inactivated B-cell called? What's an activated one called?
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Naive B-cell. Plasma cell.
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What do B-cells give rise to? What do these things do?
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Plasma cells and memory B-cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that defend against pathogens, and memory B-cells stay inactive but remember the specific response.
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What's the basis of diversity of B-cell receptors?
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Variable regions that have differing amino acid sequences.
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What does humoral immune response refer to? What performs this function?
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Humoral refers to fluid-borne molecules. B-cells perform this function.
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What performs cell-mediated immune responses? What results?
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T-cells perform this function. Memory cytotoxic T-cells and active cytotoxic T-cells follow.
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What do active cytotoxic T-cells do?
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Defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues.
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What are the ways in which antigens are inactivated after the binding of antibodies in humoral immunity?
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-Neutralization
-Opsonization -Aggultination -Precipitation -Complement activation |
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What leads to phagocytosis in humoral immunity? How about cell lysis?
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Neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, and precipitation lead to phagocytosis.
Precipitation and complement activation lead to cell lysis. |
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What are the five types of immunoglobulins? Which is the most abundant?
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IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE. IgG is the most abundant.
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What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
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A large pore through which water enters the cell by osmosis.
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Where do immunoglobulins come from?
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They're secreted by plasma cells.
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What are the types of allergies and how are they different?
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Immediate response: Due to abnormal B-cell activity.
Delayed response: Due to abnormal T-cell activity. |
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What are the functions of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)? What are MHC products called in humans?
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To identify self cells and present antigens to lymphocytes. They're called Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).
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How do you differentiate between class I and II MHC proteins?
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MHC class I proteins are expressed in all cells with nuclei except sperm. Class II proteins are expressed in dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells.
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What do CD8 and CD4 do?
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CD8 stabilizes the binding of class I MHC molecules to cytotoxic T-cells, and CD4 stabilizes the binding of class II MHC molecules to helper T-cells.
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What parts of the body are responsible for managing fluid and electrolyte balance?
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The kidneys and the GI tract.
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Compare ammonia and uric acid
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Ammonia is soluble, toxic, requires lots of water, and doesn't require much energy for synthesis. Uric acid is the opposite.
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What is the equation for excretion?
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Filtration - Reabsorb + Secretion
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What does osmoregulation consist of?
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Regulating h2o, ions, and osmolarity of body fluids.
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What is erythropoietin also known as?
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Cytokine.
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